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Appendix D: Supplemental Exhibits for Chapter IV

Racial Concentration and School Size. The text in Chapter IV conjectures that there might be a relationship between racial concentration and school size. This issue may be important in the charter school context because there is a higher proportion of small charter schools than other public schools. Exhibits D-1 and D-2 provide data to examine this conjecture.

Chapter IV divides the distribution of the school percentages of White students into three categories of racial concentration: predominantly non-White (the percentage of schools that have less than one-third White students), diverse (between one-third and two-thirds White students), and predominantly White (two-thirds or more White students). Exhibit D-1 shows that:

1. Most charter schools serve either predominantly White students (51 percent) or predominately students of color (28 percent, see Table b, column 5, rows 1 and 3), as reported earlier.

2. Most charter schools are small (64 percent enroll fewer than 200 students, see table (c) column 2, row 5), as reported earlier.

3. Smaller charter schools (those with fewer than 600 students) are more likely to serve predominantly White students than are larger charter schools (about one out of two of all charter schools are smaller charter schools that serve predominantly White students, see Table b, columns 2-3. row 4).

Exhibit D-2 represents comparable calculations for all public schools in the 16-state base. The data in both exhibits taken together suggest that:

1. At a broad level, the racial concentration is about the same for charter schools as for all public schools, as reported earlier (see Table b, column 5 in both tables).

2. Charter schools have a much higher percentage of small schools than all public schools (64 percent compared to 17 percent, see Table c, row 5, column 2 in both tables).

3. The size of the school does not have a strong effect on racial concentration, except that larger schools are more likely to serve non-White students for both charter and public schools.

Together these data suggest that charter schools have racial concentration patterns similar to all public schools, except that charter schools tend to have a higher proportion of smaller schools more focused on serving students of color.

EXHIBIT D-1

ESTIMATED SIZE VERSUS RACIAL CONCENTRATION FOR ALL CHARTER SCHOOLS IN THE SIXTEEN CHARTER STATES (1996-97)^[1]

A. Percentage of All Charter Schools in Sample

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students	# schools
0-1/3	17.4%	6.8%	3.5%	102
1/3-2/3	11.7%	5.4%	3.8%	77
2/3-1	34.5%	12.8%	4.1%	189
# schools	234	92	42	368

B. Percentage of School Size (Read Percentage Down Column)

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students	$ all schools
0-1/3	27.4%	27.2%	31.0%	27.7%
1/3-2/3	18.4%	21.7%	33.3%	20.9%
2/3-1	54.3%	51.1%	35.7%	51.4%

C. Percentage of Proportion of White Students (Read Percentage Across Row)

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students
0-1/3	62.7%	24.5%	12.7%
1/3-2/3	55.8%	26.0%	18.2%
2/3-1	67.2%	24.9%	7.9%
% all schools	63.6%	25.0%	11.4%

1 The number of responding charter schools includes 368 open charter schools with valid racial and enrollment data.

EXHIBIT D-2

SIZE VERSUS RACIAL CONCENTRATION FOR ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SIXTEEN CHARTER STATES (1994-95)^[1]

A. PERCENTAGE OF ALL CHARTER SCHOOLS IN SAMPLE

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students	# schools
0-1/3	3.4%	10.0%	11.5%	8332
1/3-2/3	11.6%	10.1%	10.0%	7951
2/3-1	9.5%	25.2%	16.7%	17243
# schools	5528	15186	12811	33526

B. Percentage of School Size (Read Percentage Down Column)

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students	$ all schools
0-1/3	20.6%	22.0%	30.1%	24.9%
1/3-2/3	22.0%	22.3%	26.1%	23.7%
2/3-1	57.4%	55.7%	43.8%	51.4%

C. Percentage of Proportion of White Students (Read Percentage Across Row)

Proportion of White Students	<200 students	200-599 students	600+ students
0-1/3	13.7%	40.1%	46.3%
1/3-2/3	15.3%	42.7%	42.1%
2/3-1	18.4%	49.0%	32.5%
% all schools	16.5%	45.3%	38.2%

1 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data Survey, 1994-95. For this figure, all public schools refers to open public schools in the sixteen charter states which reported student enrollment and where student enrollment matched the number of students in each of the five census categories.

EXHIBIT D-3

ESTIMATED ENROLLMENT BY RACE FOR CHARTER SCHOOLS (1996-97)^[1] AND ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN SIXTEEN CHARTER STATES (1994-95)^[2]

State		Percentage of enrollment in charter schools and all public schools in the state						# of students
		White	Black	Hispanic	Asian or Pacific Islander	American Indian or Alaska Native	Other[3]
California	charter	47.4%	11.0%	33.2%	6.7%	1.2%	0.5%	41,697
	state	41.4%	8.7%	37.9%	11.2%	0.9%	NA	5,342,071
Arizona	charter	51.4%	9.1%	17.2%	1.2%	21.1%	0.1%	14,960
	state	58.4%	4.3%	28.7%	1.7%	7.0%	NA	722,487
Michigan	charter	50.2%	40.2%	3.3%	1.6%	3.7%	1.0%	9,891
	state	77.4%	17.5%	2.6%	1.5%	1.1%	NA	1,611,324
Colorado	charter	80.5%	5.3%	10.2%	2.5%	1.6%	0.0%	6,342
	state	73.5%	5.4%	17.6%	2.5%	1.0%	NA	640,503
Minnesota	charter	52.8%	27.6%	2.4%	9.0%	8.1%	0.0%	2,142
	state	88.1%	4.5%	1.8%	3.7%	1.9%	NA	820,422
Massachusetts	charter	54.7%	23.3%	19.1%	2.4%	0.1%	0.4%	3,921
	state	79.0%	8.1%	9.0%	3.8%	0.2%	NA	861,178
Texas	charter	18.0%	26.3%	51.9%	2.1%	0.0%	1.7%	2,264
	state	47.1%	14.4%	36.0%	2.3%	0.2%	NA	3,676,675
Wisconsin	charter	74.3%	18.8%	3.8%	2.6%	0.5%	0.0%	1,043
	state	83.7%	9.3%	3.1%	2.6%	1.3%	NA	860,686
Georgia	charter	74.6%	19.6%	4.0%	1.3%	0.4%	0.0%	5,880
	state	59.1%	37.5%	1.8%	1.5%	0.1%	NA	1,270,632
Florida	charter	42.2%	52.0%	0.4%	5.4%	0.0%	0.0%	446
	state	58.7%	24.9%	14.5%	1.7%	0.2%	NA	2,151,975
New Mexico	charter	45.4%	5.5%	37.2%	4.5%	7.4%	0.0%	3,699
	state	39.9%	2.4%	46.4%	1.0%	10.4%	NA	324,569
Louisiana	charter	43.1%	53.7%	1.8%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%	281
	state	51.5%	45.7%	1.1%	1.3%	0.5%	NA	797,933
Alaska	charter	80.2%	4.4%	4.4%	3.3%	7.7%	0.0%	91
	state	64.7%	4.8%	2.6%	4.1%	23.8%	NA	126,581
Delaware	charter	61.7%	29.7%	3.4%	5.2%	0.0%	0.0%	290
	state	65.4%	29.1%	3.6%	1.7%	0.2%	NA	106,813
District of Columbia	charter	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	174
	state	4.0%	88.0%	6.6%	1.3%	0.0%	NA	80,450
Hawaii	charter	22.8%	7.2%	9.7%	43.0%	1.1%	16.1%	832
	state	21.7%	1.8%	4.7%	71.5%	0.3%	NA	89,952

1 The number of responding charter schools includes 368 open charter schools with valid racial data. By valid racial data, we mean schools where the number of students in the racial categories added to the total student enrollment.

2 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data Survey, 1994-95. For this exhibit, all public schools refers to open public schools in the 16 charter states which reported student enrollment and where student enrollment matched the count of students in each of the five census categories.

3 The National Center for Education Statistics does not report an "other" racial category.

EXHIBIT D-4

COMPARING ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF RACIAL ENROLLMENT PATTERNS FOR CHARTER SCHOOLS (1996-97)^[1] AND ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SIXTEEN CHARTER STATES (1994-95)

State		% of White students statewide (pooled data)	Average school percentage of White students	% of schools that have >2/3 non-White students	% of schools that have >2/3 White students
California	charter	47.4%	56.5%	28.1%	44.8%
	state	41.4%	46.4%	36.7%	32.3%
Arizona	charter	51.4%	58.4%	27.3%	56.8%
	state	58.4%	56.1%	26.1%	46.9%
Michigan	charter	50.2%	54.8%	34.3%	49.3%
	state	77.4%	79.4%	11.8%	80.1%
Colorado	charter	80.5%	83.5%	0.0%	83.3%
	state	73.5%	74.3%	7.7%	70.6%
Minnesota	charter	52.8%	52.8%	36.8%	42.1%
	state	88.1%	85.9%	4.5%	85.6%
Massachusetts	charter	54.7%	69.8%	25.0%	62.5%
	state	79.0%	80.6%	9.1%	79.3%
Texas	charter	18.0%	17.6%	78.6%	14.3%
	state	47.1%	50.4%	32.5%	39.1%
Wisconsin	charter	74.3%	78.7%	10.0%	70.0%
	state	83.7%	87.0%	5.6%	88.4%
Georgia	charter	74.6%	73.1%	0.0%	75.0%
	state	59.1%	57.5%	24.3%	45.9%
Florida	charter	42.2%	45.3%	40.0%	40.0%
	state	58.7%	58.6%	20.7%	49.2%
New Mexico	charter	45.4%	47.1%	0.0%	0.0%
	state	39.9%	38.5%	44.8%	17.6%
Louisiana	charter	43.1%	48.1%	0.0%	0.0%
	state	51.5%	51.2%	29.5%	37.6%
Alaska	charter	80.2%	80.6%	0.0%	100.0%
	state	64.7%	47.5%	40.6%	44.4%
Delaware	charter	61.7%	69.4%	0.0%	50.0%
	state	65.4%	63.4%	2.2%	40.7%
District of Columbia	charter	0.0%	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%
	state	4.0%	5.3%	93.7%	2.9%
Hawaii	charter	22.8%	26.0%	50.0%	0.0%
	state	21.7%	22.4%	81.1%	1.6%

1 The number of responding charter schools includes 368 open charter schools with valid racial data.

EXHIBIT D-5

ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION OF STUDENTS BY RACE FOR CHARTER SCHOOLS (1996-97)^[1] AND ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SIXTEEN CHARTER STATES (1994-95)^[2]

State		% of schools that have the following proportion of White students			# of schools
		<1/3	1/3-2/3	>2/3
California	charter	28.1%	27.1%	44.8%	96
	state	36.7%	31.0%	32.3%	7,821
Arizona	charter	27.3%	15.9%	56.8%	88
	state	26.1%	27.0%	46.9%	1,100
Michigan	charter	34.3%	16.4%	49.3%	67
	state	11.8%	8.1%	80.1%	3,423
Colorado	charter	0.0%	16.7%	83.3%	30
	state	7.7%	21.6%	70.6%	1,407
Minnesota	charter	36.8%	21.1%	42.1%	19
	state	4.5%	9.9%	85.6%	1,905
Massachusetts	charter	25.0%	12.5%	62.5%	16
	state	9.1%	11.6%	79.3%	1,764
Texas	charter	78.6%	7.1%	14.3%	14
	state	32.5%	28.4%	39.1%	6,477
Wisconsin	charter	10.0%	20.0%	70.0%	10
	state	5.6%	6.0%	88.4%	2,030
Georgia	charter	0.0%	25.0%	75.0%	8
	state	24.3%	29.8%	45.9%	1,766
Florida	charter	40.0%	20.0%	40.0%	5
	state	20.7%	30.1%	49.2%	2,708
New Mexico	charter	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%	4
	state	44.8%	37.6%	17.6%	710
Louisiana	charter	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%	3
	state	29.5%	32.8%	37.6%	1,459
Alaska	charter	0.0%	0.0%	100.0%	2
	state	40.6%	15.1%	44.4%	478
Delaware	charter	0.0%	50.0%	50.0%	2
	state	2.2%	57.1%	40.7%	182
District of Columbia	charter	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%	2
	state	93.7%	3.4%	2.9%	174
Hawaii	charter	50.0%	50.0%	0.0%	2
	state	81.1%	17.2%	1.6%	122
Total	charter	27.7%	20.9%	51.4%	368
	state	24.9%	23.7%	51.4%	33,526

1 This exhibit draws on data from 368 open charter schools with valid racial data.

2 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data Survey, 1994-95.
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[Appendix C: Overview of Telephone Survey Response Patterns]

[Appendix E: Charter Schools and Title I]