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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | Academic clubs| Athletics |Cheerleading | Hobby clubs | Music | Vocational Student and school | | | | | | clubs characteristics |_______________|_______________|_____________|_____________|_____________|_____________ | 1980 | 1990 | 1980 | 1990 | 1980 | 1990 | 1980 | 1990 | 1980 | 1990 | 1980 | 1990 __________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______ All sophomores............. 26.2 30.7 54.1 52.2 14.3 9.1 21.4 7.3 31.3 21.5 13.9 11.7 Male .................... 22.7 27.4 63.4 63.0 3.3 2.1 25.5 7.9 21.5 15.6 11.5 11.0 Female .................. 29.1 34.0 45.9 41.4 24.7 15.8 17.6 6.7 41.0 27.3 15.7 12.3 Race/ethnicity White ................... 25.3 31.7 54.4 53.5 14.1 8.3 21.0 7.5 30.5 22.3 13.5 12.2 Black ................... 28.9 26.2 57.1 51.4 17.1 15.7 21.7 5.2 37.9 23.0 17.5 13.7 Hispanic ................ 27.6 27.2 48.3 43.9 13.2 8.3 22.7 6.7 28.4 14.8 13.2 7.4 Asian ................... 31.8 36.7 46.3 54.9 7.0 5.2 25.5 11.8 28.4 20.6 5.3 5.1 American Indian.......... 29.5 31.9 56.8 44.2 12.9 11.3 26.5 8.4 33.7 17.3 20.0 16.9 Test performance quartile Lowest .................. 27.5 22.5 47.0 47.4 15.0 9.5 22.9 6.5 29.6 16.0 20.6 17.3 Second .................. 25.7 29.9 53.3 50.8 14.8 8.6 22.7 6.1 29.7 20.5 16.2 13.2 Third ................... 24.4 30.3 56.4 51.8 15.1 9.2 21.1 7.6 31.2 22.1 12.6 11.4 Highest ................. 27.9 40.0 60.5 59.0 13.4 9.0 18.6 8.7 35.8 26.9 7.7 6.7 Socioeconomic status* Low ..................... 25.2 26.3 43.7 42.0 13.2 8.2 19.6 5.8 27.6 18.3 18.0 17.1 Middle ................. 26.3 31.5 55.1 52.7 15.1 9.6 22.3 7.1 31.5 22.1 14.8 11.4 High ................... 26.9 34.9 64.4 63.2 14.4 9.3 21.4 9.4 35.2 24.4 7.9 6.5 Control of school Public................... 26.0 31.0 53.1 50.8 14.2 9.2 21.3 6.7 31.3 22.1 14.9 12.6 Catholic................. 27.7 28.6 61.8 66.5 15.9 7.1 21.2 12.3 28.4 12.6 3.6 2.8 Other private............ 27.3 29.1 68.8 68.0 13.1 9.9 24.4 13.1 35.9 25.7 6.5 5.5 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The "low" SES group is the lowest quartile; the "middle" SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the "high" SES group is the upper quartile.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School and Beyond, Base Year Survey, "1980 Sophomore Cohort;" and National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, "First Followup" survey.