A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

The generous hospitality, cooperation, and patience of the teachers, principals, staff, students, and parents at each of our case study schools made this research possible; we thank those who welcomed us into their school communities and opened their doors to our team of researchers. We have been inspired by their creative approaches to confronting and overcoming the many challenges they face as they work steadily toward this goal. Their optimistic outlook and perseverance will serve as an inspiration to all school professionals as they face very similar challenges.

We came away from each visit deeply impressed by the unfailing commitment that teachers, principals, and staff have made to improving the education and overall well-being of their students and their families. The principals who welcomed us at each school and supported our efforts deserve special mention: Richard Camacho, Linda Vista Elementary School, San Diego, California; Roy Ford, Hollibrook Elementary School, Houston, Texas; Eva Helwing, Inter-American School, Chicago, Illinois; Richard Murphy, Horace Mann Middle School, San Francisco, California; Gloria Polanco-McNealy, Del Norte Heights Elementary School, El Paso, Texas; Leonard Solo, Graham and Parks Alternative Public School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Carmen Stearns, Harold Wiggs Middle School, El Paso, Texas; and Charles Vidal, Evelyn Hanshaw Middle School, Modesto, California. Outstanding teachers at each of the schools opened their doors to us. In large part this volume represents their experiences; we salute them for their skill and dedication. We would also like to thank the district staff who graciously spent time working with us and provided valuable insight during our site visits.

Several people who assisted us in the conceptualization, design, implementation, and dissemination of this study merit our gratitude and recognition. First, we would like to thank our contract monitor Carol Chelemer, at the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, for her constant support, patience, and interest in our work. We would also like to thank Rene Gonzalez, our former contract monitor at OERI.

We would also like to express our appreciation to the Study Advisors—Courtney Cazden, Harvard University; Eugene Cota-Robles, University of California, Berkeley (Emeritus); Ronald Gallimore, University of California, Los Angeles; Kenji Hakuta, Stanford University; Henry Levin, Stanford University; Walter Secada, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Catherine Snow, Harvard University; and Merrill Swain, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. These talented scholars assisted us with the conceptualization of the study, reviewed key products, and helped with the selection of sites.

Other invaluable members of the study team were Stephanie Dalton and Roland Tharp of the National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning at the University of California at Santa Cruz, and Faith Conant of Princeton, New Jersey, who conducted classroom observation in Haitian Creole classes at one of the study sites. We would also like to express our gratitude to Sabrina Maras for capturing our descriptions of classroom settings with her sketches and to Glenn Fieldman for her careful editing of this manuscript.

Finally, the study team would like to recognize the hundreds of people who nominated schools during the initial phase of the study’s site selection process. We would like to acknowledge the following individuals for contributing to our initial pool of nominated sites:

Estella Acosta Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Orange County Superintendent of Schools Costa Mesa, CA	Alice Addison School Improvement California Department of Education Sacramento, CA	Nilda M. Aguirre Multicultural Education Department School Board of Broward County Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Tim Allen San Diego City Unified School District San Diego, CA	Shirley Altick Washoe County Schools Reno, NV	Diana G. Anderson Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA
Richard C. Anderson Reading Research and Education Center University of Illinois Champaign, IL	Arthur N. Applebee National Research Center on Literature Teaching and Learning State University of New York Albany, NY	Maria Arias Socorro Independent School District El Paso, TX
Elena Arriola Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Los Angeles County Superintendent of Schools Downey, CA	Kathryn H. Au American Association of Higher Education Washington , DC	Leonard Baca Bueno Center for Multicultural Education School of Education University of Colorado Boulder, CO
Eva Baker National Research Center on Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing University of California Los Angeles, CA	John Bargnesi Black Rock Academy Buffalo, NY	Sylvia Barrios North Dorcester Middle School Hurlock, MD
Lilia Bartolome Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA	Clara Basch Illinois State Board of Education Springfield, IL	Carol Beaumont University of California Berkeley, CA
Sue Beauregard Galef Institute Los Angeles, CA	Charles D. Beck Jr. The Education Diffusion Group Denver, CO	Adelyn Becker Multifunctional Resource Center Providence, RI
John Berriozaobal University of Texas San Antonio, TX	Sandra Berry Department of Education Juneau, AL	Jomills H. Braddock II Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
Vangie Bradshaw Culver City Unified School District Culver City, CA	Judy Bramlett Education Service Region VI Dallas, TX	Marcia Brechtel Guided Language Acquisition Fountain Valley School District Fountain Valley, CA
Mary E. Brenner Graduate School of Education University of California Santa Barbara, CA	Sylvia Brooks-Brown Baltimore County Public Schools Baltimore, MD	Jere Brophy Center for the Learning and Teaching of Elementary Subjects Michigan State University East Lansing, MI
Cynthia Brown Council of Chief State School Officers Washington, DC	Sandy Brown Charlotte/Mecklenburg Schools Charlotte, NC	Liz Brown Yukon-Koyukuk School District Nenana, AK
Ron Bryant Orange County Schools Orlando, FL	Barbara Cabrillo Hacienda-La Puente Unified School District City of Industry, CA	Peter Cappelli National Center on the Educational Quality of the Workforce University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
Sue Carpenter Florida Department of Education Tallahassee, FL	Carol Carr-Colglazier Marin Teachers’ Learning Cooperative Office of the Marin County Superintendent of Schools San Rafael, CA	Argelia Carreon El Paso Independent School District El Paso, TX
Lupe Castillo New Mexico Department of Education Santa Fe, NM	Mary Cazabon Cambridge Public Schools Cambridge, MA	Courtney Cazden Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA
Susan Chavez Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA	Donna Christian Center for Applied Linguistics Washington, DC	Lorraine Clayton Florida Department of Education Tallahassee, FL
Grace Coates Project EQUALS Lawrence Hall of Science Berkeley, CA	Trudy Collier Maryland Department of Education Baltimore, MD	Deanna Cortez Bilingual Education and Indian Programs Utah Office of Education Salt Lake City, UT
Eugene Cota-Robles University of California Berkeley, CA	Gilberto Jose Cueva School of Education University of Miami Coral Gables, FL	Theresa Dale Baltimore City Public Schools Baltimore, MD
Mary Lynda Daley University of Massachusetts Boston, MA	Arlene Dannenberg Salem Public Schools Salem, MA	Phil Daro Office of the President University of California Berkeley, CA
Lucia David Institute for Learning and Teaching University of Massachusetts Boston , MA	Don Davies Center on Families, Communities, Schools, and Children’s Learning Boston University Boston, MA	Denise De La Rosa Salazar National Council of La Raza Los Angeles, CA
Michael de la Torre Bilingual Education Nevada Department of Education Carson City, NV	David R. Delgado Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Monterey County Superintendent of Schools Salinas, CA	Myrna Delgado Department of Education Harrisburg, PA
David Dolson Bilingual Education Office California Department of Education Sacramento, CA	John Dominguez Migrant/Bilingual Education Van Buren Intermediate School District Lawrence, MI	Dora S. Dominguez Migrant Education Program Michigan Department of Education Lansing, MI
Jan Drum Stanley Foundation Muscatine, IA	Barbara Duffy Association of California School Administrators Burlingame, CA	Thaddeus Dumas Middle Grades Office California Department of Education Sacramento, CA
Costanza Eggers-Pierda Institute for Learning & Teaching University of Massachusettes Boston, MA	Andrea England Instruction Division Texas Education Agency Austin, TX	Ruben Espinosa Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA
Pola Espinoza Alianza Elementary School Watsonville, CA	Mary Ester Bernal San Antonio Independent School District San Antonio, TX	Joanne Foster El Paso Independent School District El Paso, TX
Sarah W. Freedman National Center for the Study of Writing and Literacy University of California Berkeley, CA	Susan Fuhrman Center for Policy Research in Education Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ	J. Michael Gaddis Office of Federal Relations and Instructional Services Colorado Department of Education Denver, CO
Annette Gaddis Fort Lupton School District Fort Lupton, CO	Alejandro Gallard Science Education Florida State University Tallahassee, FL	Ronald Gallimore Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles, CA
Patricia Gandara Division of Education University of California Davis, CA	Yvonne Garcia Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA	Nilda Garcia Austin Public Schools Austin, TX
David Garza Texas Higher Education Coordinating Council Austin, TX	Robert Glaser National Research Center on Student Learning University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA	Jose M. Gonzalez Department of Educational Administration Teachers College Columbia University New York, NY
Tony Gonzalez Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the San Mateo County Superintendent of Schools Redwood City, CA	Antonio Gonzalez Bilingual Education Granite School District Salt Lake City, UT	James Gray California Writing Project University of California Berkeley, CA
Steve Grubis College of Rural Alaska Fairbanks, AK	Elisa Guitierrez Bilingual Education Texas Education Agency Austin, TX	Clemens I. Hallman University of Florida Gainseville, FL
Else Hamayan Illinois Resource Center Des Plaines, IL	Jan Hawkins Center for Technology in Education Bank Street College of Education New York, NY	Kati Haycock American Association of Higher Education Washington, DC
Gilman Hebert Bureau of Equity in Language Services Quincy, MA	Stella Helvie Second Language Programs Clark County Schools Las Vegas, NV	Frances Hensley Georgia Facilitator Center Athens, GA
Maria A. Hernandez Bureau of Bilingual Education New Jersey Department of Education Trenton, NJ	Geraldine Herrera Office of Bilingual/ESL Education Los Angeles Unified School District Los Angeles, CA	Elaina Herschowitz School Leadership Center San Diego County Office of Education San Diego, CA
Ray Holman Berrien Springs Public Schools Berrien Springs, MI	Juan Hurtado Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA	Elsie Ireland La Feria Independent School District La Feria, TX
Julia Jackson Educational Service Center Region II New York, NY	Kamil Jbeily Curriculum & Textbooks Texas Education Agency Austin, TX	Frederick L. Jenks Florida State University Tallahassee, FL
Judy Kass American Association for the Advancement of Science Washington, DC	Mary Kennedy National Center for Research on Teacher Learning Michigan State University East Lansing, MI	Anne Kiefer Chicago Project for Learning and Teaching National College of Education Evanston, IL
Barbara Knapp Minnesota State Facilitator Office The Exchange at CAREI Minneapolis, MN	Nancy Kreinberg Project EQUALS Lawrence Hall of Science Berkeley, CA	Ruta Krusa Healdsburg Union School District Healdsburg, CA
Judith Kysh CRESS Center University of California Davis, CA	Hernan La Fontaine School of Education Southern Connecticut State University New Haven, CT	Beverly Lancaster Winston Salem/Forsyth County Schools Winston Salem, NC
Diane Lassman Minnesota State Facilitator Office The Exchange at CAREI Minneapolis, MN	Elva Laurel University of Texas Brownsville, TX	Wei-lin Lei Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA
Henry Levin Stanford University Palo Alto, CA	Robert L. Linn National Center for Research on Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing University of California Los Angeles, CA	Ann Lippencott University of California Santa Barbara, CA
Alicia Lomas Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Tulare County Superintendent of Schools Visalia, CA	Nancy Love The Network Andover, MA	Ramon Magallanes Fort Worth Independent School District Fort Worth, TX
Maria Helena Malagon Division of ESOL/Bilingual Programs Montgomery County Public Schools Rockville, MD	Tina Marinez Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Riverside County Superintendent of Schools Riverside, CA	Lila Martin Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Imperial County Superintendent of Schools El Centro, CA
Pedro Maymi Yonkers Public Schools Yonkers, NY	Niki McCurry Alaska Writing Program Yukon Koyukuk School District Nenana, AK	Milbrey McLaughlin Center for Research on the Context of Secondary School Teaching Stanford University Palo Alto, CA
Maria Medina Seidner Bilingual Department Illinois Board of Education Chicago, IL	Hugh Mehan University of California San Diego, CA	Shirley Menendez Statewide Facilitator Project Metropolis, IL
Naomi Millender Chicago Teacher's Center Chicago, IL	Edgar Miranda Rochester City School District Rochester, NY	Peter Mitchell International Reading Association Newark, DE
Marci Mitchell Progress Independent School District Progress, TX	Jesse Montano Bilingual Education Unit Minnesota Department of Education St. Paul, MN	Guadalupe Montez South San Antonio Independent School District San Antonio, TX
Albert Moreno Bilingual Teacher Training Programs San Jose Unified School District San Jose, CA	Rocio F. Moss Multifunctional Resource Center San Diego, CA	Marisol Naso Bilingual Education San Bernardino City Unified School District San Bernardino, CA
Mattye Nelson Office of Outreach Services American Association of School Librarians Chicago, IL	Freya Neumann Equity and Multicultural Education Section Madison, WI	Fred M. Newmann Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools University of Wisconsin Madison, WI
Sonya Nieto School of Education University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA	Mary Nordhouse New Mexico Bureau of Education, Planning & Development Santa Fe, NM	James O’Connor Boston Public Schools Boston, MA
Albert Ochoa Teacher Education San Diego State University San Diego, CA	Laurie Olsen California Tomorrow San Francisco, CA	Preddy Oseguerra Bilingual Education Salt Lake City School District Salt Lake City, UT
Julio Palecios Curriculum Department Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District Edcouch, TX	Philip Pasmanick Berkeley Teachers’ Center Berkeley, CA	Verma Pastor Arizona Department of Education Phoenix, AZ
Alice S. Paul College of Education University of Arizona Tucson, AZ	Ron Pearlman Illinois Resource Center Des Plaines, IL	Sylvia Pena Department of Curriculum and Instruction University of Houston Houston, TX
Carmen Perez-Hogan Division of Bilingual Education New York Department of Education Albany, NY	Alice Petrossian Glendale Unified School District Glendale, CA	C. William Phillips Division of Inservice Education Ohio Department of Education Columbus, OH
Barbara Piekarski Catawba County Schools Newton, NC	Anabel Pinero Davis School District Farmington, UT	Delia Pompa National Coalition of Advocates for Students Boston, MA
Charlotte Powers Professional Development Seminars San Jose, CA	David Ramirez California State University Long Beach, CA	Arnulfo Ramirez Department of Foreign Languages & Literature Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA
Carmen L. Ramos Hispanic Policy Development Project New York, NY	Akram Rana Curriculum Department Weslaco Independent School District Weslaco, TX	James L. Ratcliff National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA
Porter Reed Illinois State Board of Education Springfield, IL	Joseph Renzulli National Research Center on the Gifted & Talented University of Connecticut Storrs, CT	Lauren Resnick National Research Center on Student Learning University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
Mary Alice Reyes Curriculum Department Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District Edcouch, TX	Nancy Rhodes Center for Applied Linguistics Washington, DC	Charlene Rivera The Evaluation Assistance Center George Washington University Arlington, VA
Laraine M. Roberts Program Development Center California School Leadership Academy Hayward, CA	Janine Roberts Los Angeles Teacher Center Encino, CA	Robert E. Robison Columbus City Schools Columbus, OH
Cliff Rodrigues Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the Ventura County Superintendent of Schools Ventura, CA	Michelle Rohr National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Houston, TX	Thomas Romberg National Center for Research in Mathematical Sciences Education University of Wisconsin Madison, WI
Sharon Rorhke Modesto City Schools Modesto, CA	Ira Rosenholtz Illinois Council of Teachers of Mathematics Eastern Illinois Univesity Charleston, IL	Robert E. Rossier Intercultural Development Research Association San Antonio, TX
Al Rubio Greensboro City Schools Greensboro, NC	Miguel Ruiz Michigan Department of Education Lansing, MI	Rosalia Salinas Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Office of the San Diego County Superintendent of Schools San Diego, CA
Cecelia Santa Ana Michigan Department of Education Lansing, MI	Maria Santory New York City Public Schools Brooklyn, NY	Maria Schaub Montgomery County Public Schools Rockville, MD
Walter Secada Curriculum & Instruction University of Wisconsin Madison, WI	Deborah Sercombe Edison Middle School Boston Public Schools Brighton, MA	Rodolfo Serna Department of Language and Cultural Education Chicago Board of Education Chicago, IL
Christine Sleeter University of Wisconsin, Parkside Kenosha, WI	Roberta Smith New Mexico Bureau of Education, Planning & Development Santa Fe, NM	Catherine Snow Harvard Graduate School of Education Cambridge, MA
Michelle Soria-Dunn Department of Public Instruction Des Moines, IA	Rochelle Spiegel-Coleman Los Angeles County Office of Education Los Angeles, CA	Susan Spoeneman The Teacher’s Center Huntington Beach, CA
Elizabeth Stage California Science Project University of California Berkeley, CA	Holly Stein Prince Georges County Schools Bladensburg Instructional Service Center Bladensburg, MD	Loretta Strong Bilingual Teacher Training Programs Healdsburg Union School District Healdsburg, CA
Daniel Stufflebeam National Center for Research on Educational Accountability and Teacher Evaluation Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI	Merrill Swain The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Toronto, Canada	Winnie Tang San Francisco Federal Teacher Center San Francisco, CA
Roland Tharp University of California Santa Cruz, CA	Deborah Tippins Science Education Department University of Georgia Athens, GA	Maria Torres Southwest Regional Educational Laboratory Los Alamitos, CA
Jerry Toussaint North Carolina State Department of Education Raleigh, NC	G. Richard Tucker Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA	Martha Valdez Ysleta Independent School District El Paso, TX
Johanna Vetcher South Bay Union School District Imperial Beach, CA	Joseph Voccolo Buffalo City Schools Buffalo, NY	Daniel Wagner National Center on Adult Literacy University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
Susan Walker Teacher Outreach Foxfire Fund Raburn Gap, GA	Catherine Walsh Multifunctional Resource Center Boston, MA	Margaret C. Wang National Research Center on Education in the Inner Cities Temple University Philadelphia, PA
Beth Warren TERC Cambridge, MA	Lucille J. Watahomigie Tradition & Technology Project Peach Springs School District Peach Springs, AZ	Leon L. Webb Educational Diffusion Systems, Inc. Mesa, AZ
Arthur L. White National Center for Science Teaching and Learning Ohio State University Columbus, OH	Lola Williams Harlingen Independent School District Harlingen, TX	Martha L. Williams Dayton Public Schools Dayton, OH
Karen Yeager Kalamazoo Public Schools Kalamazoo, MI	Peter Zachariou Pacific View Staff Development Center Pacifica, CA

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[Preface]

[Executive Summary]