A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Education Reforms and Students At Risk - October 1996

References

Mac Iver, D. (1991, April).
Enhancing students' motivation to learn by altering assessment, reward, and recognition structures: Year 1 of the Incentives for Improvement Program. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students.
 
Mac Iver, D. J. (1990).
Meeting the needs of young adolescents: Advisory groups, interdisciplinary teaching teams, and school transition programs. Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 458-464.
 
Mac Iver, D. J. (1991, April).
Helping students who fall behind: Remedial activities in the middle grades. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
 
Madden, N. & Slavin, R. E. (1983).
Mainstreaming students with mild handicaps: Academic and social outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 53, 519-569.
 
Madden, N. A., Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., Dolan, L., & Wasik, B. A. (1991).
Success for All. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 593-599.
 
Madden, N. A., Slavin, R., Karweit, N., Dolan, L., & Wasik, B. (1991).
Success for All: Multi-year effects of a schoolwide elementary restructuring program (Report No. 18).Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students.
 
Madden, N. A., Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., Dolan, L. J., & Wasik, B. A. (1993).
Success for All: Longitudinal effects of a restructuring program for inner-city elementary schools. American Educational Research Journal, 30( 1), pp. 123-148.
 
Maeroff, G. I. (1990).
Getting to know a good middle school: Shoreham-Wading River. Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 505-511.
 
Maeroff, G. I. (1992).
To improve schools, reduce their size. College Board News, 20( 3), 3.
 
Marlowe, M., Folio, R., Hall, D., & Errera, J. (1982).
Increased lead burdens and trace-mineral status in mentally retarded children. Journal of Special Education, 16( 1), 87-99.
 
Marrett, C. & Kim, G. W. (1986).
The organizational context of higher order thinking. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
 
Martin, J. A. & Elmer, E. (1992).
Battered children grown up: A follow-up study of individuals severely mistreated as children. Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 16( 1).
 
Mathieu, D. J. (1976).
Indian education. Spearfish, SD: Center of Indian Studies, Black Hills State College.
 
Mathtec, Inc. (1991).
National Center for Service Integration. Falls Church, VA: Author.
 
Mayes, L. C., Granger, R. H., Bornstein, M. H., & Zuckerman, B. (1992).
The problem of prenatal cocaine exposure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267( 3), 406-408.
 
McCarty, D. (1976).
An Indian student speaks. In D. J. Mathieu (Ed.), Indian education (pp. 173-176).
Spearfish, SD: Center of Indian Studies, Black Hills State College.
 
McCarty, T. L. (1989).
School as community: The Rough Rock demonstration. Harvard Educational Review, 59, 484-503.
 
McClelland, K. (1990).
Cumulative disadvantage among the highly ambitious. Sociology of Education, 63( April), 102-121.
 
McCollum, P. A. & Walker, C. L. (1992).
Minorities in America 2000. Education and Urban Society, 24, 178-195.
 
McCormick, M. C., Gortmaker, S. L., & Sobol, A. M. (1990).
Very low birthweight children: Behavior problems and school difficulty in a national sample. Journal of Pediatrics, 117, 687-693.
 
McDermott, R. (1987).
Achieving school failure: An anthropological approach to illiteracy and social stratification. In G. D. Spindler (Ed.), Education and cultural process (pp. 173-207).
Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
 
McDill, E. L. (1992).
Compensatory education. In M. C. Alkin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational Research, 6th Edition. New York: Macmillan Reference (in press).
 
McDill, E. L., Natriello, G., & Pallas, A. M. (1985).
Raising standards and retaining students: The impact of the reform recommendations on dropouts. Review of Educational Research, 55, 415-433.
 
McDill, E. L., Natriello, G., & Pallas, A. M. (1987).
A population at risk: Potential consequences of tougher school standards for school dropouts. In G. Natriello (Ed.), School dropouts: Patterns and practices (pp. 106-147).
New York: Teachers College Press.
 
McGroarty, M. (1992).
The societal context of bilingual education. Educational Researcher, 21( 2), 7-9.
 
McKey, R. H., et al. (1985).
The impact of head start on children, families and communities. Washington, DC: CSR, Inc.
 
McPartland, J. M. & Slavin, R. E. (1990).
Increasing achievement of at-risk students at each grade level. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
 
McPartland, J. M. (1990).
Staffing decisions in the middle grades: Balancing quality instruction and teacher/student relations. Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 465-469.
 
McPartland, J. M. (1992).
Staffing patterns and the social organization of schools. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society of Research for Adolescents, Washington, DC.
 
McPartland, J. M. & Nettles, S. M. (1991).
Using community adults as advocates or mentors for at-risk middle school students: A two-year evaluation of Project RAISE. American Journal of Education, 99, 568-586.
 
Means, B., Chelemer, C. & Knapp, M. S. (1991).
Teaching advanced skills to at-risk students: Views from research and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 
Measelle, R. & Egol, M. (1990).
A new system of education: World-class and customer-focused. New York: Arthur Anderson & Co.
 
Mecklenberger, J. A. (1990).
Educational technology is not enough. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 104-109.
 
Mensch, B. S. & Kandel, D. B. (1988).
Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociology of Education, 61, 95-113.
 
Merchant, B. (1987).
Dropping out: A preschool through high school concern. Berkeley, CA: Policy Analysis for California Education.
 
Merwin, J. (1990, February 6).
In this room, boys always are at the head of the class. Baltimore Evening Sun.
 
Meyers, M. & Bernier, J. (1987).
Preventing child abuse: A resource for policymakers and advocates. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Committee for Children and Youth.
 
Mielke, H. W., Anderson, J. C., Berry, K. J., Mielke, P. W., Chaney, R. L., & Leech, M. (1983).
Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problems. American Journal of Public Health, 73( 12).
 
Miller, J. (1992, March 25).
Improvement plan for Chapter 1 seen needing overhaul. Education Week, XI( 27).
 
Miller, S. E., Leinhardt, G., & Zigmond, N. (1988).
Influencing engagement through accommodation: An ethnographic study of at-risk youth. American Educational Research Journal, 25, 465-487.
 
Millman, J. (1981).
Handbook of teacher evaluation. Beverly Hills: Sage.
 
Mohraz, J. J. (1979).
The separate problem: Case studies of black education in the North, 1900-1930. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
 
Molnar, J. (1988).
Home is where the heart is: The crisis of homeless children and families in New York City. New York: Bank Street College of Education.
 
Molnar, J. M., Rath, W. R. & Klein, T. P. (1990).
Constantly compromised: The impact of homelessness on children. Journal of Social Issues, 46( 4), 109-124.
 
Monk, D. H. & Ibrahim, M. A. (1984).
Patterns of absence and pupil achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 295-310.
 
Montgomery, A. F. & Rossi, R. J. (1994).
Becoming at risk of failure in America's schools. In Rossi, R. J. (Ed.) Schools and risk: Context and framework for positive change. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Moore, E. G. J. (1985).
Ethnicity as a variable in child development. In M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children (pp. 201-214).Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 
Moos, R. H. (1979).
Evaluating educational environments: Procedures, measures, findings, and policy implications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 
Morgan, D. L., & Alwin, D. F. (1980).
When less is more: School size and student social participation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 241-52.
 
Morse, S. (1988, October).
Characteristics of migrant secondary students: Outreach meeting report. (ERIC No. ED 319 550).
 
Mortimore, P., Sammons, P., Stoll, L., Lewis, D., & Ecob, R. (1988).
School matters. Somerset, Eng.: Open Books.
 
Moses, R. P., Kamii, M., Swap, S. M., & Howard, J. (1989).
The algebra project: Organizing in the spirit of Ella. Harvard Educational Review, 59, 27-47.
 
Murphy, K., & Welch, F. (1989).
Wage premiums for college graduates: Recent growth and possible explanations. Educational Researcher, 18( 4), 17-26.
 
Murray Nettles, S. (1989).
The role of community involvement in fostering investment behavior in low-income black adolescents: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 190-201.
 
Myers, D. (in press).
A report on the effects of the upward bound and supplemental services: Findings from extant data. (Contract No. LC89082001). Department of Education, Office of Planning and Evaluation.
 
NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. (1991).
Reflections on proposals for separate schools for African male pupils. Unpublished manuscript. New York: Author.
 
National Alliance of Black School Educators. (1984).
Saving the African American child. Washington, DC: Author.
 
National Center for Research in Vocational Education: NCAVE Change Agent. (1991).
The cunning hand, the cultured mind, 1( 2), 4-6. University of California, Berkeley: Author.
 
National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983).
A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
 
National Committee for Citizens in Education. (1988).
Dropout prevention: A book of sources. Columbia, MD: Author.
 
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (1989).
Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
 
National Foundation for the Improvement of Education. (1991).
Images in action: Linking technology and restructuring. Washington, DC: Author.
 
National Research Council. (1989).
Everybody counts: A report to the nation on the future of mathematics education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
 
Natriello, G. (1984).
Problems in the evaluation of students and student disengagement from secondary schools. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 17, 14-24.
 
Natriello, G. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1984).
Bringing behavior back in: The effects of student characteristics and behavior on the classroom behavior of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 20( 1), 29-43.
 
Natriello, G. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1984).
Teacher evaluative standards and student effort. New York: Longman.
 
Natriello, G., McDill, E. L., & Pallas, A. M. (1990).
Schooling disadvantaged children: Racing against catastrophe. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Natriello, G., Pallas, A. M., McDill, E. L., McPartland, J. M., & Royster, D. (1988).
An examination of the assumptions and evidence for alternative dropout prevention programs in high school. Baltimore, MD: Center for Social Organization of Schools.
 
Needleman, H. L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., et al. (1979).
Deficits in psychological and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 689.
 
Nettles, S. M. (1991a).
Community contributions to school outcomes of African-American students. Education and Urban Society, 24, 132-147.
 
Nettles, S. M. (1991b).
Community involvement and disadvantaged students: A review. Review of Educational Research, 61, 379-406.
 
Neuman, J. (1988).
What should we do about the highly mobile student? A research brief. Mount Vernon, WA: Educational Service District 189 (ED 305 545).
 
New Jersey Department of Human Resources (1988).
Coming of age in New Jersey: Today's adolescents face new and complex problems. NJ: Author.
 
New York Times. (1992, September 17).
Dropout rates decline for most. New York Times, p. A16.
 
Newby, I. A. (1968).
The development of segregationist thought. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
 
Newmann, F. (1981).
Reducing student alienation in high schools: Implications of theory. Harvard Educational Review, 51, 546-564.
 
Newmann, F. M. & Rutter, R. A. (1985-1986).
A profile of high school community service programs. Educational Leadership, 43( 4), 65-71.
 
Newmann, F., & Wehlage, G. (1995)
Successful school restructuring. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Center for Education Research.
 
Nichols-Pierce, M. (1992).
Socio-political organizations and diverse populations: Responding to the educational needs of homeless students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
 
Nidorf, J. (1985).
Mental health and refugee youths: A model for diagnostic training. In T. Owan (Ed.), Southeast Asian mental health: Treatment, prevention, services, training, and research. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
 
Niemiec, R. P., Blackwell, M. C., & Walberg, H. J. (1986).
CAI can be doubly effective. Phi Delta Kappan, 67, 750-751.
 
Noddings, N. (1992).
Variability: A pernicious hypothesis. Review of Educational Research, 62( 1), 85-88.
 
Noley, G. (1994).
Educational reform and American Indian cultures. In R. J. Rossi (Ed.), Educational reforms and students at risk. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Northwest Regional Education Laboratory. (1985).
Effective practices in Indian education. Portland, OR: Research and Development Program for Indian Education.
 
Oakes, J. (1985).
Keeping track: How schools structure inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 
Oakes, J. (1986).
Keeping track, part 2: Curriculum inequality and school reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 68, 148-154.
 
Oakes, J. (1989).
Tracking in secondary schools: A contextual perspective. In R. E. Slavin (Ed.), School and classroom organization (pp. 173-196).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 
Oakes, J. (1992).
Grouping students for instruction. In M. C. Alkin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational Research, 6th Edition (pp. 562-568).
New York: Macmillan.
 
Oakes, J. & Lipton, M. (1990).
Tracking and ability grouping: A structural barrier to access and achievement. In J. I. Goodlad and P. Keating (Eds.), Access to knowledge: An agenda for our nation s schools (pp. 43-58).New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
 
Odum, H. (1968).
The education of Negroes. In I. A. Newby (Ed.), The development of segregationist thought (pp. 63-69).New York: Columbia University Press.
 
OERI Urban Superintendents Network (1987).
Dealing with dropouts: The urban superintendents call to action. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
 
Ogbu, J. U. (1974).
The next generation: The ethnography of education in an urban neighborhood. New York: Academic Press.
 
Ogbu, J. U. (1978).
Minority education and caste: The American system in cross-cultural perspective. New York: Academic Press.
 
Ogbu, J. U. (1985, December).
Research currents: Cultural-ecological influences on minority school learning. Language Arts, 62( 8), 60-69.
 
Okakok, L. (1989).
Serving the purpose of education. Harvard Educational Review, 59, 405-422.
 
Olsen, L. (1988).
Crossing the schoolhouse border: Immigrant students and the California public schools. San Francisco: California Tomorrow.
 
Onestak, D. M., Forman, S. G., & Linney, J. A. (1989, August).
Family variables and alcohol use in high risk adolescents. Presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
 
Orr, M. T. (1987).
Keeping students in school. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 
Orr, S. T. & James, S. (1984).
Maternal depression in an urban pediatric practice: Implications for health care delivery. American Journal of Public Health, 74( 4), 363-365.
 
Page, R. (1989).
The lower track curriculum at a "heavenly" high school: "Cycles of prejudice." Curriculum Studies, 21( 3), 197-221.
 
Pallas, A. M. (1986).
School dropouts in the United States. In Stern, J. D. & Williams, M. F. (Eds.), The Condition of Education, 1986 (pp. 158-170).
Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
 
Pallas, A. M., Natriello, G., & McDill, E. (1989).
The changing nature of the disadvantaged population: Current dimensions and future trends. Educational Researcher, 18( 5), 16-22.
 
Pascoe, J. M. & Earp, J. A. (1984).
The effects of mothers' social support and life changes on the stimulation of their children in the home. American Journal of Public Health, 74, 358-360.
 
Pearlin, L. I. & Johnson, J. S. (1977).
Marital status, life-strains, and depression. American Sociological Review, 42, 704-715.
 
Peng, S. & Takai, R. (1983).
High school dropouts: Descriptive information from high school and beyond. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
 
Perrone, V. (Ed.).(1991).
Expanding student assessment. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
 
Perry, M., Doran, L., & Wells, E. (1983).
Developmental and behavioral characteristics of the physically abused child. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 320-324.
 
Peterson, R. E. (1991).
Teaching how to read the world and change it: Critical pedagogy in the intermediate grades. In Literacy as praxis: Culture, language, and pedagogy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
 
Pfeiffer, J. (1989).
The secret of life at the limits: Cogs become big wheels. Smithsonian, 20( 4), 38-48.
 
Phibbs, C. S., Bateman, D. A., & Schwartz, R. M. (1991).
The neonatal costs of maternal cocaine use. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 1521-1526.
 
Phillips, K. R. (1985).
The educational disadvantages of junior high and high school migrant students in Wisconsin. Part one of a supplementary school program for the children of migratory agricultural workers in Wisconsin. Paper presented at the annual State Superintendents' Conference for Supervisors and Directors of Instruction, Madison, WI.
 
Pine, G. J. & Hilliard, A. G. (1990, April).
Rx for racism: Imperatives for America's schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 593-600.
 
Pinnell, G. (1989).
Reading Recovery: Helping at-risk children learn to read. Elementary School Journal, 90, 161-182.
 
Pinnell, G. (1988, April).
Sustained effects of a strategy-centered early intervention program in reading. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
 
Plisko, V. & Scott, E. (1991, April).
Planned evaluations of Chapter 1. Phi Delta Kappan, 590-592.
 
Pogrow, S. A. (1988).
Evaluation of the Chapter 1 higher order thinking skills project. Report prepared for the Program Effectiveness Panel of the National Diffusion Network. Tucson: University of Arizona, College of Education.
 
Pogrow, S. A. (1990).
Challenging at-risk students: Findings from the HOTS Program. Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 389-397.
 
Pogrow, S. A. (1990, February).
Socratic Approach to Using Computers with at-Risk Students. Educational Leadership, 61-66.
 
Price, H. B. (1992).
Multiculturalism: Myths and realities. Phi Delta Kappan, 208-213.
 
Puma, M., Jones, C., Rock, D., & Fernandez, R. (1993).
Prospects: The Congressionally Mandated Study of Educational Growth and Opportunity. Washington: U. S. Department of Education.
 
Rafferty, Y. & Rollins, N. (1989).
Learning in limbo: The educational deprivation of homeless children. New York: Advocates for Children of New York.
 
Ravitch, D. (1990).
Diversity and democracy: Multicultural education in America. American Educator, Spring, 16-20, 46-48.
 
Ravitch, D. (1991-1992).
A culture in common. Educational Leadership, 49( 4), 8-11.
 
Rebuild L. A. (1992/1993).
Rebuild LA. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Finance and Real Estate, UCLA School of Management.
 
Rebuild L. A. (1993, May 17).
The renaissance of Los Angeles. Fortune, special advertising section.
 
Reed, R. J. (1975).
Ethnicity, social class, and out-of-school educational opportunity. Journal of Negro Education, 44, 316-334.
 
Reich, R. B. (1990).
Education and the next economy. In S. B. Bacharach (Ed.), Education reform: Making sense of it (pp. 194-212).
Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
 
Resnick, L. B. (1987).
Education and learning to think. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
 
Reyes, M. de la Luz & Laliberty, E. A. (1992).
A teacher's "pied piper" effect on young authors. Education and Urban Society, 24( 2), 263-278.
 
Reyes, M. de la Luz & McCollum, P. A. (1992).
Language, literacy, and educational reform: Rethinking the issues. Education and Urban Society, 24( 2), 171-177.
 
Rich, D. (1987).
Schools and families: Issues and actions. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
 
Rich, J. M. (1992).
Multicultural education. Innovations in education: Reformers and their critics (p. 258).
Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
 
Richmond, G. (1989).
The future school: Is Lowell pointing us toward a revolution in education? Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 232-236.
 
Riley, D. & Cochran, M. (1987).
Children's relationships with non-parental adults: Sex-specific connections to early school success. Sex Roles, 17( 11-12), 637-655.
 
Rist, R. C. (1970).
Student social class and teacher expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy in ghetto education. Harvard Educational Review, 40, 441-451.
 
Roberts, C. (1990).
Some characteristics of high-reliability organizations. Organizational Science, 1( 2), 1-17.
 
Roberts, K. (1993).
New challenges to understanding organizations. New York: Macmillan.
 
Robinson, L. (1991, March 31).
At Golden Ring, teachers chalk it up to teamwork. Baltimore Sun, pp. 1A, 10A.
 
Rofes, E. (1989).
Opening up the classroom closet: Responding to the educational needs of gay and lesbian youth. Harvard Educational Review, 59, 444-453.
 
Romberg, T. A. (1983).
A common curriculum for mathematics. In G. D. Fenstermacher, and J. I. Goodlad (Eds.), Individual Differences and the Common Curriculum. 82nd yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 
Romine, B. H., Davis, J. A., & Gehman, W. S. (1970).
The interaction of learning, personality traits, ability, and environment: A preliminary study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 337-347.
 
Ross, S. M., Smith, L. S., & Morrison, G. R. (1991).
The longitudinal influences of computer-intensive learning experiences on at-risk elementary students. Educational Technology Research & Development, 39( 4), 33-46.
 
Rossi, R. J. (in press).
Effective strategies for keeping students in school: Evaluation of projects funded by the School Dropout Demonstration Assistance Program. Washington, D. C.: Office of Policy and Planning, U. S. Department of Education.
 
Rossi, R. J. (Ed.) (1994).
Schools and students at risk: Context and framework for positive change. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Rossi, R. J. & Gilmartin, K. J. (1980).
Social indicators of youth development and educational performance: A programmatic statement. Social Indicators Research, 7, 157-191.
 
Rossi, R. J., & Royal, M. (1994).
Measuring workplace community: Final report to the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for Research.
 
Rowen, B. & Denk, C. E. (1984).
Management succession, school socioeconomic context, and basic skills achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 21( 3), 517-537.
 
Rumberger, R. W. (1983).
Dropping out of high school: The influence of race, sex, and family background. American Educational Research Journal, 20, 199-220.
 
Rumberger, R. W. (1987).
High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of Educational Research, 57, 101-122.
 
Rumburger, R. W. & Larson, K. (1994).
Keeping high-risk Chicano students in school: Lessons from a Los Angeles middle school dropout prevention program. In R. J. Rossi (Ed.), Educational reforms and students at risk. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Rutter, M. (1979).
Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent and J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology, Volume III: Social competence in children. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
 
Ryan, W. (1976).
Blaming the victim. New York: Vintage Books.
 
San Miguel, G. (1987a).
The status of historical research on Chicano education. Review of Educational Research, 57, 467-480.
 
San Miguel, G. (1987b).
Let all of them take heed: Mexican Americans and the campaign for educational equality in Texas, 1910-1981. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
 
Sartain, H. W. (1989).
Non-achieving students at risk: School, family, and community intervention. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
 
Saulnier, K. M. & Rowland, C. (1985).
Missing links: An empirical investigation of network variables in high-risk families. Family Relations, 34( 4), 557-560.
 
Schine, J. (1988).
Community service for young adolescents. Washington, DC: Carnegie Task Force for Education of Early Adolescents.
 
Schunk, D. H. (1987).
Peer models and children's behavioral change. Review of Educational Research, 57, 149-174.
 
Schunk, D. H. & Hanson, A. R. (1985).
Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 54-61.
 
Sears, J. T. (1991, September).
Helping students understand and accept sexual diversity. Educational Leadership, 54-56.
 
Semons, M. (1989, March).
The salience of ethnicity at a multiethnic urban high school from the students' perspective. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
 
Sexton, P. C. (1961).
Education and income: Inequalities in our public schools. New York: Viking Press.
 
Sharon, S. (1980).
Cooperative learning in small groups: Recent methods and effects on achievement, attitudes, and ethnic relations. Review of Educational Research, 50, 241-71.
 
Sheingold, K. & Hadley, M. (1990).
Accomplished teachers: Integrating computers into classroom practice. New York: Bank Street College of Education, Center for Technology in Education.
 
Sheingold, K. & Tucker, M. S. (Eds.).(1990).
Restructuring for learning with technology. New York: Center for Technology in Education, Bank Street College of Education and National
 
Shepard, L. A. & Smith, M. L. (1989).
Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention. Philadelphia, PA: Falmer.
 
Shonkoff, J. P. (1984).
Social support and the development of vulnerable children. American Journal of Public Health, 74( 4), 310-314.
 
Showers, B., Joyce, B., & Bennett, B. (1987).
Synthesis of research on staff development: A framework for future study and a state-of-the-art analysis. Educational Leadership, 45( 3), 87-97.
 
Shrivastava, P. (1986).
Bhopal. New York: Basic Books.
 
Sicherman, N. (1990).
Education and occupational mobility. Economics of Education Review, 9( 2), 163-179.
 
Siddle-Walker, E. V. (1992, April).
Relations between community and school: Learning from the "good" segregated schooling of African-American children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
 
Sipe, C. L., Grossman, J. B., & Milliner, J. A. (1987).
Summer training and education program (STEP): Report on the 1986 experience. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.
 
Sipe, C. L., Grossman, J. B., & Milliner, J. A. (1988).
Summer training and education program (STEP): Report on the 1987 experience. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.
 
Sirotnik, K. A. (1990).
Equal access to quality in public schooling: Issues in the assessment of equity and excellence. In J. I. Goodlad & P. Keating (Eds.), Access to knowledge: An agenda for our nation's schools (pp. 159-185).
New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
 
Skon, L., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1981).
Cooperative peer interaction versus individual competition and individualistic efforts: Effects on the acquisition of cognitive reasoning strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73( 1), 83-92.
 
Slaughter, D. T. & Epps, E. G. (1987).
The home environment and academic achievement of black American children and youth: An overview. Journal of Negro Education, 56( 1), 3-20.
 
Slaughter, D. T. & McWorter, G. A. (1985).
Social origins and early features of the scientific study of black American families and children. In M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 
Slavin, R. (1990).
On making a difference. Educational Researcher, 19( 13), 30-44.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1980).
Effects of individual learning expectations on student achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 520-524.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1983).
Cooperative learning. New York: Longman.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1986).
Educational psychology: Theory into practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1987).
Ability grouping and student achievement in elementary schools: A best-evidence synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 57, 293-336.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1989).
Students at risk of school failure: The problem and its dimensions. In R. E. Slavin, N. L. Karweit, & N. A. Madden (Eds.), Effective programs for students at-risk (pp. 3-17).
Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1990).
Achievement effects of ability grouping in secondary schools: A best-evidence synthesis. Madison, WI: National Center on Effective Secondary Schools.
 
Slavin, R. E. (1990).
Cooperative learning: Theory, research and practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 
Slavin, R. E. & Madden, N. A. (1991).
Modifying Chapter 1 program improvement guidelines to reward appropriate practice. Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13( 4), 369-379.
 
Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., & Madden, N. A. (Eds.).
(1989).
Effective programs for students at-risk. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
 
Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., & Wasik, B. (1992).
Preventing early school failure: What works? Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students.
 
Slavin, R. E., Karweit, N. L., & Wasik, B. (1994).
Preventing early school failure: Research, policy, and practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
 
Slavin, R., Madden, N., Karweit, N., Dolan, L., & Wasik, B. (1992).
Success for All: A relentless approach to prevention and early intervention in elementary schools. Arlington, VA: Educational Research Service.
 
Slavin, R. E., Madden, N. A., Karweit, N. L., Livermon, B. J., & Dolan, L. (1990).
Success for all: First-year outcomes of a comprehensive plan for reforming urban education. American Educational Research Journal, 27, 255-278.
 
Slavin, R. E., Stringfield, S., & Winfield, L. (1991).
Effective alternatives to traditional Chapter 1 programs. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students.
 
Smith, M. S. & O Day, J. (1991).
Educational equality: 1966 and now. In D. A. Vestegen & J. G. Ward (Eds.), Spheres of justice in education: The 1990 American Education Finance Association yearbook. New York: Harper Business.
 
Smith, R., & Tyler, R. (1942).
Adventures in American education: Volume III: Appraising and recording student progress. New York: Harper.
 
Snider, W. (1989, May 17).
Study: Schools violating rights of pregnant girls. Education Week, 8, 34.
 
Sobol, T. (1990).
Understanding diversity. Educational Leadership, 48( 2), 27-30.
 
Sorensen, A. B. & Hallinan, M. T. (1986).
Effects of ability grouping on growth in academic achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 519-542.
 
Southern Education Foundation (1990).
Finding more black male teachers for America's classrooms. Pipeline, Spring/Summer: 1,3,7.
 
Spencer, M. B., Brookins, G. K., & Allen, W. R. (Eds.) (1985).
Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 
Spilman, C. (1990).
Peer tutoring at Canton Middle School. Baltimore, MD: Author.
 
Spindler, G. D. (1987).
Why have minority groups in North America been disadvantaged by their schools? In G. D. Spindler (Ed.), Education and cultural process (pp. 160-172).
Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
 
Sroufe, L. A. & Egeland, B. (1989, April).
Early predictors of psychopathology and competence in children. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City, MO.
 
Stainback, S. B. & Stainback, W. C. (1989).
Classroom organization for diversity among students. In D. P. Biklen, D. Ferguson, & A. Ford (Eds.), Schooling and disability (pp. 195-207).
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 
Stanley, E. J. & Barter, J. T. (1970).
Adolescent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 40, 87-96.
 
Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (1990).
The role of social and information networks in the formation of educational and occupational expectations among Mexican-origin high school youth. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
 
Steele, B. (1987).
Psychodynamic factors in child abuse. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (pp. 81-114).Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 
Steele, C. M. (1992, April).
Race and the schooling of black Americans. Atlantic Monthly, 68-78.
 
Stern, D., Paik, I., Catterall, J. S., & Nakata, Y. (1989).
Labor market experience of teenagers with and without high school diplomas. Economics of Education Review, 8, 233-246.
 
Stern, D. (1989).
Educational cost factors and student achievement in grades 3 and 6: Some new evidence. Economics of Education Review, 8, 149-158.
 
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1964).
Rebellion in a high school. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
 
Strickland, D. S. & Ascher, C. (1992).
Low-income African-American children and public schooling. In Philip W. Jackson (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Curriculum (pp. 609-625).
New York: Macmillan.
 
Stringfield, S. (1995).
Attempts to enhance students' learning: A search for valid programs and highly reliable implementation techniques. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, (6) 1, 67-96.
 
Stringfield, S. (1991, January).
A model of elementary schooling effects: Evidence of support. Paper presented at the fourth annual meeting of the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement, Cardiff, Wales.
 
Stringfield, S., Billig, S., & Davis, A. (1991).
A research-based program improvement process for Chapter 1 schools: A model and early results. Phi Delta Kappan, 72( 8), 600-606.
 
Stringfield, S., Billig, S., & Davis, A. (1991, April).
Implementing a research-based model of Chapter 1 program improvement. Phi Delta Kappan, 600-605.
 
Stringfield, S. & Teddlie, C. (1991).
Observers as predictors of schools multi-year outlier status. Elementary School Journal, 91( 4), 357-376.
 
Stringfield, S. & Teddlie, C. (1988).
A time to summarize: Six years and three phases of the Louisiana School Effectiveness Study. Educational Leadership, 46( 2), 43-49.
 
Stringfield, S., Winfield, L., Millsap, M., Puma, M., Gamse, B., & Randall, B. (1994).
Urban and suburban/rural special strategies for educating disadvantaged children: First year report. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Education.
 
Stringfield, S. & Yoder, N. (1992).
Toward a model of elementary grades Chapter 1 effectiveness. In H. Waxman, J. deFelix, J. Anderson, & P. Baptistse (Eds.), Students at risk in at-risk schools (pp. 203-221).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
 
Stroup, A. L. & Robins, L. N. (1972).
Elementary school predictors of high school dropout among black males. Sociology of Education, 45, 212-222.
 
Suarez-Orozco, M. M. (1989).
Central American refugees and U. S. high schools: A psychosocial study of motivation and achievement. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
 
Suppes, P. (1966).
The uses of computers in education. Scientific American, 215, 207-220.
 
Suryaraman, M. (1991, December 8).
Asian-American teens say pain of alienation fosters youth gangs. San Jose Mercury News, p. 3B.
 
Sutton, R. E. (1991).
Equity and computers in the schools: A decade of research. Review of Educational Research, 61, 475-503.
 
Swift, J. S. (1986).
The move to educational excellence does not mean a move to educational equality. Negro Educational Review, 24( 3-4), 119-126.
 
Tallmadge, G., & Wood, C. (181).
User's guide: ESEA Title I evaluation and reporting system. Mountain View, CA: RMC Research.
 
Wagenaar, T. C. (1987).
What do we know about dropping out of high school? In R. G. Corwin (Ed.), Research in the sociology of education and socialization, 7, 161-190. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
 
Walberg, H. J. & Tsai, S. (1983).
Matthew effects in the classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 20, 359-373.
 
Walker, G. & Vilella-Vilez, F. (1992).
Anatomy of a demonstration: The summer training and education program (STEP) from pilot through replication and postprogram impacts. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.
 
Wallerstein, J. S. & Kelly, J. B. (1980).
Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce. New York: Basic Books.
 
Ward, B. & Tikunoff, W. (1989).
New teacher retention project. Los Alamitos, CA: Southwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
 
Wasik, B. & Slavin, R. E. (1990).
Preventing early reading failure with one-to-one tutoring: A best evidence synthesis (Report No. 6).Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Effective Schooling for Disadvantaged Students.
 
Waugh, R. F. & Punch, K. F. (1987).
Teacher receptivity to systemwide change in the implementation stage. Review of Educational Research, 57, 237-254.
 
Waxman, H., Walker de Felix, J., Anderson, J., & Baptiste, H. P. (1992).
Students at risk in at-risk schools: Improving environments for learning. Newbury Park: Corwin Press, Inc.
 
Wehlage, G. G. (1989).
Dropping out: Can schools be expected to prevent it? In L. Weis, E. Farrar, & H. G. Petrie (Eds.), Dropouts from school: Issues, dilemmas, and solutions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
 
Wehlage, G. G. & Rutter, R. A. (1987).
Dropping out: How much do schools contribute to the problem? In G. Natriello (Ed.), School dropouts: Patterns and policies (pp. 70-88).
New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Wehlage, G. G., Rutter, R. A., Smith, G. A., Lesko, N., & Fernandez, R. R. (1989).
Reducing the risk: Schools as communities of support. New York: Falmer Press.
 
Wentzel, K. R. (1991).
Social competence at school: Relation between social responsibility and academic achievement. Review of Educational Research, 61( 1), 1-24.
 
Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. S. (1982).
Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 
Wigginton, E. (1989).
Foxfire grows up. Harvard Educational Review, 59, 24-29.
 
Williams, J. H. & Muehl, S. (1978).
Relations among student and teacher perceptions of behavior. Journal of Negro Education, 47, 328-336.
 
Willis, P. (1977).
Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.
 
Willis, S. (1991).
The complex art of motivating students. ASCD Curriculum Update, 33( 6), 1, 4-5.
 
Wilson, W. J. (1987).
The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 
Wimpelberg, R. (1987).
The dilemma of instructional leadership and a central role for central office. In W. Greenfield (Ed.), Instructional Leadership (pp. 100-117).Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
 
Wimpelberg, R., Teddlie, C., & Stringfield, S. (1989).
Sensitivity to context: The past and future of effective schools research. Educational Administration Quarterly, 25( 1), 82-107.
 
Winfield, L. (1991).
Lessons from the field: Case studies of evolving schoolwide projects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13( 4), 353-362.
 
Winfield, L. (1991).
Lessons from the field: Case studies of evolving schoolwide projects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13( 4), 353-362.
 
Wise, A., Darling-Hammond, L., Berliner, D., Haller, E., Schlecty, P., Berry, B., Praskac, A., & Noblit, G. (1987).
Effective teacher selection: From recruitment to retention-case studies. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
 
Wittrock, M. (Ed.) (1986).
Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York: MacMillan.
 
Wolf, D., Bixby, J., Glenn J., III, & Gardner, H. (1991).
To use their minds well: Investigating new forms of student assessment. In Grant, G. (Ed), Review of Research in Education, Vol. 17 (pp. 31-74).Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
 
Woodson, R. L. (1981).
A summons to life: Mediating structures and the prevention of youth crime. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
 
Wright, W. J. (1991-1992).
The endangered black male child. Educational Leadership, 49( 4), 14-16.
 
Wynter, S. (1992).
Do not call us negroes: How "multicultural" textbooks perpetuate racism. San Jose, CA: Author.
 
Yamaguchi, K. & Kandel, D. B. (1984).
Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. American Journal of Public Health, 74, 673-681.
 
Young, T. W. (1990).
Public alternative education: Options and choice for today's schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
 
Zeldin, S., Rubenstein, M. C., Bogart, J., Tashjian, M. D., & McCollum, H. (1991).
Chapter 1 beyond the elementary grades: A report on project design and instruction (Contract No. LC 89089001).Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
 
Zinsmeister, K. (1990, June).
Growing up scared. Atlantic Monthly, pp. 49-66.
 
Zuckerman, B., et al. (1989).
Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 762-768.


-###-

[References A-L] [Table of Contents]