Table 9.--Four-step logistic regression for moderate- to high-risk students exhibiting strong persistence indicators in postsecondary education, predicted by parent engagement, student engagement, friends? engagement with learning, and college preparation activities (N=1,667)[1]
| Odds ratio for full participation in PSE[3] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predicted variable [2] | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 |
| Parent engagement with student?s learning | ||||
| Parents discussed school-related matters with student | ||||
| Missing | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| Some discussion | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.06 |
| Much discussion | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
| Parents? educational expectations for student | ||||
| Missing | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.34 | 1.45 |
| Vocational/trade | 2.96* | 2.84* | 3.07 | 3.02 |
| Some college | 1.59 | 1.60 | 1.71 | 1.64 |
| Bachelor?s degree | 2.29 | 2.22 | 2.32 | 2.15 |
| Advanced degree | 2.12 | 2.06 | 2.04 | 1.90 |
| Student engagement with school | ||||
| Student?s class attendance | ||||
| Missing | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.55 | |
| Moderate attendance | 1.59* | 1.54 | 1.49 | |
| High attendance | 1.69* | 1.63 | 1.53 | |
| Extracurricular activities student participated in | ||||
| Missing | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.72 | |
| One | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.89 | |
| Two | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.95 | |
| Friends? engagement with learning | ||||
| Importance of learning to student?s friends | ||||
| Missing | 1.43 | 1.35 | ||
| Moderately important | 1.38 | 1.42 | ||
| Highly important | 1.49 | 1.52 | ||
| Number of friends who planned to attend a 4-year college |
||||
| Missing | 0.73 | 0.96 | ||
| Few to some | 0.79 | 0.73 | ||
| Most to all | 1.18 | 1.05 | ||
| College preparation activities | ||||
| Amount of aid information used by student | ||||
| Missing | 2.03 | |||
| One | 0.75 | |||
| Two or more | 1.28 | |||
| Number of people student talked to about aid | ||||
| Missing | 0.84 | |||
| One | 1.34 | |||
| Two | 1.35 | |||
| Three | 1.17 | |||
| Four or more | 0.98 | |||
| Participated in any HS outreach program | ||||
| Yes | 1.01 | |||
| Student got help preparing for entrance exam | ||||
| Missing | 0.84 | |||
| Yes | 1.24 | |||
| Student received help from school with college application process | ||||
| Missing | 0.45 | |||
| Yes | 1.51* | |||
| 1 Results in this table were estimated by the SUDAAN software, using the weight F3QWT92G. The x2 values for each respective step are: 238.04, 252.69, 272.69, and 316.09. All are significant at p < .01.
2 Each logistic regression controlled for six risk factors?socioeconomic status, number of times of changing school, GPA from grade 6 to 8, single parent family, ever held back, having one or more siblings who dropped out of school, and two achievement measures including the 8th-grade combined math, reading, science, and social studies test scores and level of mathematics courses taken over the four years of high school. 3 *p > .05, **p > .01.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88/94). | ||||
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