Table 7.--Four-step logistic regression for probability of moderate- to high-risk students attending a 4-year college versus all others predicted by parent engagement, student engagement, friends? engagement with learning, and college preparation activities (N=2,878)[1]
| Odds ratio for at-risk students attending 4-year college vs. other [3] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predicted variable [2] | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 |
| Parent engagement with student?s learning | ||||
| Parents discussed school-related matters with student | ||||
| Missing | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.89 |
| Some discussion | 1.51 | 1.41 | 1.36 | 1.31 |
| Much discussion | 2.16** | 2.11** | 1.97** | 1.84* |
| Parents? educational expectations for student | ||||
| Missing | 1.54 | 1.44 | 1.23 | 1.35 |
| Vocational/trade | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.80 |
| Some college | 1.50 | 1.41 | 1.27 | 1.22 |
| Bachelor?s degree | 2.30 | 2.12 | 1.82 | 1.70 |
| Advanced degree | 1.93 | 1.77 | 1.46 | 1.30 |
| Student engagement with school | ||||
| Student?s class attendance | ||||
| Missing | 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.82 | |
| Moderate attendance | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.05 | |
| High attendance | 1.49 | 1.38 | 1.25 | |
| Extracurricular activities student participated in | ||||
| Missing | 1.68 | 1.52 | 1.26 | |
| One | 1.22 | 1.04 | 1.07 | |
| Two | 1.86** | 1.51 | 1.40 | |
| Friends? engagement with learning | ||||
| Importance of learning to student?s friends | ||||
| Missing | 1.92 | 1.64 | ||
| Moderately important | 1.19 | 1.15 | ||
| Highly important | 1.19 | 1.15 | ||
| Number of friends who planned to attend a 4-year college |
||||
| Missing | 2.78 | 3.31** | ||
| Few to some | 1.79 | 1.50 | ||
| Most to all | 4.91** | 4.00** | ||
| College preparation activities | ||||
| Amount of aid information used by student | ||||
| Missing | 0.71 | |||
| One | 1.01 | |||
| Two or more | 1.27 | |||
| Number of people student talked to about aid | ||||
| Missing | 0.78 | |||
| One | 1.45 | |||
| Two | 1.41 | |||
| Three | 1.36 | |||
| Four or more | 1.18 | |||
| Participated in any HS outreach program | ||||
| Yes | 1.97* | |||
| Student got help preparing for entrance exam | ||||
| Missing | 0.68 | |||
| Yes | 1.82** | |||
| Student received help from school with college application process | ||||
| Missing | 2.66 | |||
| Yes | 1.39* | |||
| 1 Results in this table were estimated by the SUDAAN software, using the weight F3QWT92G. The x2 values for each respective step are: 710.95, 735.55, 823.03, and 896.56. All are significant at p < .01.
2 Each logistic regression controlled for six risk factors?socioeconomic status, number of times of changing school, GPA from grade 6 to 8, single parent family, ever held back, having one or more siblings who dropped out of school, and two achievement measures including the 8th-grade combined math, reading, science, and social studies test scores and level of mathematics courses taken over the four years of high school. 3 *p > .05, **p > .01.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS:88/94). | ||||
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