A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Reducing Class Size: What Do We Know? March 1999

Endnotes

  1. Glass, Gene V., Leonard S. Cahen, Mary L. Smith, and Nikola N. Filby. 1982. School class size: Research and policy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

  2. Finn, Jeremy D. 1998. Class size and students at risk: What is known? What is next? Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Institute on the Education of At-Risk Students.

  3. Robinson, Glen E. and James H. Wittebols. 1986. Class size research: A related cluster analysis for decision-making. Arlington, VA: Education Research Service.

  4. Tomlinson, Tom. 1988. Class size and public policy: Politics and panaceas. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

  5. See Finn 1998 and Charles M. Achilles, 1996. "Students achieve more in smaller classes." Educational Leadership 53 (5): 76-77.

  6. Odden, Allan. 1990. "Class size and student achievement: Research-based policy alternatives." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 12 (2): 213-227.

  7. Florida Department of Education. Office of Policy Research. 1998. "The relationship of school and class size with student achievement in Florida: An analysis of statewide data." www.firn.edu/doe/bin00048/home0048.htm.

  8. Ferguson, Ronald F. 1991. "Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money matters." Harvard Journal on Legislation 28 (2): 465-498.

  9. Hanushek, Eric A. 1998. "The evidence on class size." Public Testimony, Washington, DC.

  10. Greenwald, Rob, Larry V. Hedges, and Richard D. Laine. 1996. "The effect of school resources on student achievement." Review of Educational Research 66 (3): 361-396. See also Hanushek, Eric A. 1996. "A more complete picture of school resource policies." Review of Educational Research 66 (3): 397-409 and Greenwald, Rob, Larry V. Hedges, and Richard D. Laine. 1996. "Interpreting research on school resources and student achievement: A rejoinder to Hanushek." Review of Educational Research 66 (3): 411-416.

  11. See Finn 1998 and Achilles 1996.

  12. Wenglinsky, Harold. 1997. When money matters: How educational expenditures improve student performance and how they don?t. Princeton, NJ: The Educational Testing Service, Policy Information Center.

  13. Mueller, Daniel J., Clinton I. Chase, and James D. Walden. 1988. "Effects of Reduced Class Size in Primary Classes." Educational Leadership 45 (7): 48-50.

  14. Achilles, Charles M., Barbara A. Nye, Jayne B. Zaharias, B. DeWayne Fulton, and C. Cain. 1996. "Education's Equivalent of Medicine's Framingham Heart Study." Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse. ED 402677. See also Mosteller, Frederick. 1995. "The Tennessee Study of Class Size in the Early School Grades." The Future of Children 5 (2): 113-127.

  15. Finn 1998. Nye, Barbara, B. DeWayne Fulton, Jayne Boyd-Zaharias, and Van A. Cain. 1995. The Lasting Benefits Study, Eighth Grade Technical Report. Nashville, TN: Center of Excellence for Research in Basic Skills, Tennessee State University.

  16. See Mosteller 1995, Finn 1998, and Kickbusch, Ken. 1996. "Class Size." Madison, WI: Wisconsin Education Association Council, Professional Development Division.

  17. Finn 1998. p. 8.

  18. Mosteller, Frederick, Richard J. Light, and Jason A. Sachs. 1996. "Sustained Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size." Harvard Educational Review 66 (4): 797-842.

  19. Krueger, Alan. March 1998. Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions. Princeton University and NBER.

  20. Egelson, Paula, Patrick Harman and Charles M. Achilles. 1996. Does Class Size Make a Difference? Recent Findings from State and District Initiatives. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse. ED 398644. See also Finn 1998.

  21. Molnar, Alex, Stephen Percy, Phillip Smith, and John Zahorik. December 1998. "1997-98 Results of the Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE) Program." Milwaukee, WI: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

  22. Texas Education Agency. 1998. "Update on Class Size Waivers, Bilingual Education Exceptions, and Waivers for English as a Second Language."www.tea.state.tx.us/sboe/schedule/9801/dppef010.html

  23. Sturm, Pepper. 1997. "Nevada's Class-Size Reduction Program." Carson City, NV: Senate Committee on Human Resources. www.leg.state.nv.us/lcb/research/bkground/97-07.HTM. See also Egelson et al. 1996.

  24. Egelson et al. 1996.

  25. Achilles et al. 1996 and AIR, RAND, PACE, and EdSource. 1998. Evaluating California?s Class Size Reduction Initiative: The Year 1 Data Collection Component. Grant proposal submitted to the Koret Foundation, Palo Alto, CA.

  26. California. Senate. "Class Size Reduction." S.B. 804. Chaptered August 18, 1997.

  27. AIR et al. 1998.

  28. Mosteller 1995, Kickbusch 1996, and Maier et al. 1997.

  29. Egelson et al. 1996.

  30. Mitchell, Douglas, Christi Carson, and Gary Badarak. 1989. How Changing Class Size Affects Classrooms and Students. Riverside, CA: California Educational Research Cooperative, University of California.

  31. Molnar et al. 1998.

  32. Finn 1998.

  33. Krueger 1998, Molnar et al. 1998.

  34. Kickbusch 1996.

  35. See Odden 1990 and Mitchell et al. 1989.

  36. Wright, Edgar N., Stanley M. Shapson, Gary Eason, and John Fitzgerald. 1977. Effects of Class Size in the Junior Grades: A Study. Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of Education, Ontario Institute for Studies of Education. See also Molnar et al. 1998.

  37. See Mitchell et al. 1989 and Robinson and Wittebols 1986.

  38. One research study currently under way is being carried out by Brian Stecher and Cathleen Stasz of the RAND Corporation, with funding from the Field-Initiated Studies Program in the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education. This study, entitled "The Effects of Class Size Reduction on Students Opportunities to Learn," is investigating whether reduced class size classes are related to changes in the various kinds of learning opportunities experienced by students.


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