A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Notes

1. This was a finding of a study published in 1993 by a group of scientists led by Dr. Matthew McGue of the University of Minnesota. The study suggested a steady rise in the lifetime role of heredity in cognitive function. It found that the genetic factor in general cognitive ability is about 20 percent in infancy, 40 percent in childhood, 50 percent in adolescence, and 60 percent in adulthood. These findings are consistent with the evidence produced by a more recent study on the role of genes in shaping intelligence sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and led by Dr. Gerald E. McClearn, director of the Center for Developmental and Health Genetics at Pennsylvania State University. See Malcolm W. Browne, "Role of Genes in Shaping Intelligence Is Lifelong, Study Says." The New York Times, June 6, 1997, p. A20.

2. Donald, M. 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 380.

3. This observation by Jean Piaget was cited in R. Joseph, Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Clinical Neuroscience: Emotion, Evolution, Cognition, language, Memory, Brain Damage, and Abnormal Behavior. 1996. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 2nd edition, p. 204.

4. Shore, R. 1997. Rethinking the Brain: New Insights into Early Development. New York, NY: Families and Work Institute.

5. Teo, A., E. Carlson, P.J. Mathieu, B. Egeland, and L.A. Sroufe. 1996. "A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Predictors of Achievement." Journal of School Psychology 34(3), pp. 285–306.

6. Gunnar, M.R. 1996. Quality of Care and the Buffering of Stress Physiology: Its Potential in Protecting the Developing Human Brain. University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development.

7. Galinsky, E. and J. David. 1988. The Preschool Years: Family Strategies that Work—From Experts and Parents. New York, NY: Ballantine Books, pp. 339–341.

8. Kuhl, P.K., K.A. Williams, F. Lacerda, K.N. Stevens, and B. Lindblom. 1992. "Linguistic Experience Alters Phonetic Perception in Infants by 6 Months of Age." Science 255: pp. 606–608.

9. Blakeslee, S. 1997. "Studies Show Talking with Infants Shapes Basis of Ability to Think." The New York Times (April 17, 1997), p. A22.

10. Shatz, C.J. 1992."The Developing Brain." Scientific American 267 (3): pp. 60–67.

11. Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children. 1994. Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, p. 5.

12. Hamburg, D.A. 1994. Today?s Children: Creating a Future for a Generation in Crisis. New York: Times Books, p. 104.

13. Kandel, E.R., J.H. Schwartz, and T.M. Jessell. 1991. Principles of Neural Science, 3rd edition. New York: Elsevier.

14. Kandel, E.R., J.H. Schwartz, and T.M. Jessell. 1991. Principles of Neural Science, 3rd edition. New York: Elsevier.

15. Shatz, C.J. 1992. "The Developing Brain." Scientific American 267 (3): pp. 60–67.

16. Chugani, H.T. 1997. "Neuroimaging of Developmental Non-Linearity and Developmental Pathologies." In Developmental Neuroimaging: Mapping the Development of Brian and Behavior. San Diego: Academic Press.

17. Perry, B.D., R.A. Pollard, T.L. Blakley, W.L. Baker, and D. Vigilante. 1995. "Childhood Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation, and ?Use-Dependent? Development of the Brain: How ?States? Become ?Traits.?" Infant Mental Health Journal 259 (4): pp. 271–291.

18. Gunnar, M.R. 1996. "Quality of Care and the Buffering of Stress Physiology: Its Potential in Protecting the Developing Human Brain." University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development.

19. Dawson, G., D. Hessl, and K. Frey. 1994. "Social Influences on Early Developing Biological and Behavioral Systems Related to Risk for Affective Disorder." In Development and Psychopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 759–779.

20. Brazelton, T.B. 1992. Touchpoints: Your Child?s Emotional and Behavioral Development. New York: Addison-Wesley.

21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. America?s Children: Key National Indicators of Child Well-Being 1998. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, HHS.

22. Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children. 1994. Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, p. 36.

23. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1997. Trends in the Well-Being of America?s Children and Youth, 1997. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, HHS.

24. For more information on Insure Kids Now, you may call 1–877–KIDSNOW.

25. Melendy, M.L. 1903. The Perfect Woman. K.T. Boland.

26. Ventura, S.J., T.J. Mathews, and S.C. Curtin. 1998. "Declines in Teenage Birth Rates, 1991–97: National and State Patterns." National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 12, December 17, 1998.

27. Ventura, S.J., T.J. Mathews, and S.C. Curtin. 1998. "Declines in Teenage Birth Rates, 1991–97: National and State Patterns." National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 47, No. 12, December 17, 1998.

28. Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. America?s Children: Key National Indicators of Child Well-Being 1998. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, HHS; National Center for Health Statistics. 1998. Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1996, supplement. Vol. 46, No. 11.

29. Shore, R. 1996. Family Support and Parent Education: Opportunities for Scaling Up. Meeting Paper. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, p. 3.

30. Kagan, S., L. April 1994. Defining America?s Commitments to Parents and Families: An Historical-Conceptual perspective. New Haven: Yale University.

31. Johnson, D. and Talker, T. 1991. Final Report of an Evaluation of the Avance Parent Education and Family Support Program. Report submitted to Carnegie Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Avance, St. Pierre, R.G., J.I. Layzer, and H.V. Barnes. 1995. "Two-Generation Programs: Design, Cost and Short-Term Effectiveness." The Future of Children, Vol. 5, No. 3, Winter; Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children. 1992. Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.

32. Weiss, H. "Home Visits: Necessary but Not Sufficient." The Future of Children (Winter 1993); D.L. Olds, C.R. Henderson, C. Phelps, H. Kitzman, and C. Hanks. 1993. "Effect of Prenatal Care and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation on Government Spending." Medical Care 31:155–174; Shore, R. 1996. Scaling Up Family Support. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.

33. Families and Work Institute. 1995. Women: The New Providers. New York: Families and Work Institute.

34. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades. 1996. Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America?s Children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, p. 57.

35. Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes Study Team. 1995. Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers. Denver: University of Colorado; Galinsky, E., C. Howes, S. Kontos, and M. Shinn. 1994. The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care: Highlights of Findings. New York: Families and Work Institute.

36. Kagan, S.L. and N.E. Cohen. 1997. Solving the Quality Crisis: A Vision for America?s Child Care System. Final Report of the Quality 2000 Initiative. New Haven: Yale University Bush Center.

37. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Child Care Bureau. February 1998. Fact Sheet: Child Care and Development Fund. Washington, DC: Author.

38. Mitchell, A. (with Ripple, C., and N. Chanana). September 1998. Prekindergarten Programs Funded by the States: Essential Elements for Policy Makers. New York: Families and Work Institute.

39. Fraiberg, S.H., E. Adelson, and V. Shapiro. 1975. "Ghosts in the Nursery: A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Problem of Impaired Infant-Mother Relationships," Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Vol. 14, pp. 387–422.

40. Dombro, A.L., N.S. O?Donnell, E. Galinsky, S. Gilkeson, and A. Farber. 1996. Community Mobilization: Strategies to Support Young Children and Their Families. New York: Families and Work Institute.

41. Kagan, S.L. and P.R. Neville. 1993. Human Services: Understanding the Past to Shape the Future. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press and National Center for Service Integration; Bruner, C. and L. Parachini. 1998. Building Community: Exploring New Relationships Across Service Systems Reform, Community Organizing, and Community Economic Development. Washington, DC: Together We Can.

42. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades. 1996. Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America?s Children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, p. 29.

43. President William Jefferson Clinton. Radio Address on Improving Education, February 20, 1999.

44. President William Jefferson Clinton. State of the Union Address, January 19, 1999.

45. Boyer, E.L. 1991. Ready to Learn: A Mandate for the Nation. Princeton: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

46. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. 1996. Building Knowledge for a Nation of Learners: A Framework for Education Research 1997. Washington, DC: Author, pp. 19–26.

47. Love, J.M., M.E. Logue, J.V. Trudeau, and K. Thayer. 1992. Transitions to Kindergarten in American Schools: Final Report of the National Transition Study. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, p. 119.

48. Simpson, Carole. 1996. Presentation to the Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades, New York City.

49. The Head Start program, funded at over $4 billion annually, is the largest federal source of early care and education funding. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Head Start Bureau. 1998. Head Start 1998 Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: Author.

50. This section draws upon U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. 1996. Building Knowledge for a Nation of Learners: A Framework for Education Research 1997. Washington, DC: Author, pp. 19–26.

[IV. Building on Success ]

[ Selected Resources ]