A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Educational and Labor Market Performance of GED Recipients - February 1998

Appendix B: Table B-6 (continued)

Table B-6.-Labor market outcomes for GED recipients, high school graduates, and dropouts: Simple and controlled comparisons (continued)
  Difference (Percent)*
 Dropout
 GED
 Diploma
  
Outcome/Author Measure Male/
Female		 Age or
year		 Dropout
vs. GED		 HSG
vs. GED		 Mean or
Coeff		 Mean or
Coeff		 Mean or
Coeff		 Exclusions/
Controls		 Table or
page
Job Tenure
Simple Comparisons
Cameron and Heckman (1993) weeks M 25 28.2 44.5 96 75 109   table 5
Cameron and Heckman (1993) weeks M 28 42.4 82.8 130 91 167   table 5
Cameron (1994) weeks F 25 -2.2 58.8 68 70 111   table 7A
Cameron (1994) weeks F 25 -6.8 69.2 68 73 124 Excl: Not working,
>12 yrs. ed.		 table 7B
Cameron (1994) weeks F 28 -15.9 62.7 81 96 157   table 6B
Cameron (1994) weeks F 28 -19.7 65.7 81 101 167 Excl: Not working,
>12 yrs. ed.		 table 6B

 

Table B-6.-Labor market outcomes for GED recipients, high school graduates, and dropouts: Simple and controlled comparisons (continued)
  Difference (Percent)*
 Dropout
 GED
 Diploma
  
Outcome/Author Measure Male/
Female		 Age or
year		 Dropout
vs. GED		 HSG
vs. GED		 Mean or
Coeff		 Mean or
Coeff		 Mean or
Coeff		 Exclusions/
Controls		 Table or
page
Annual Earnings
Simple Comparisons
Cameron and Heckman (1993) '88 $ M 25 -11.9 29.2 10,379 11,777 15,214 Excl: 2 or more year of
higher education		 table 5
Alsalam et. al (1993) 1993 $ (median) M 25-33
in 1998		 -6.5 31.4 17,822 19,066 25,048 Excl: Diploma or GED age 20 or
or after. Those with 2
or more years of college		 table 34-1
Alsalam et. al (1993) 1993 $ (median) M 25-33
in 1990		 -1.4 11.8 17,822 18,069 20,202 Excl: Diploma or GED
before age 20. Those with
2 or more years of college		 table 34-1
High School and Beyond 1991 $ M 27 approx. -5.8 28.4 18,040 19,158 24,951 All 1980 Sophomores tabulation
Smith et. al. (1995) 1992 $ M 16-64 -16 3.8 18,194 21,672 22,494 Diploma graduates exclude
those with any college.		 table 31-1
Cave and Bos (1995) 1988-93 $
(2 years)		 M -19** 13,286 13,286 16,318   table 5,
panel 2
Alsalam et. al (1993) 1993 $ (median) F 25-33
in 1990		 -29.1 10.5 9,895 13,955 15,415 Excl: Diploma or GED age 20 or
after. Those with 2 or more years
of college		 table 34-1
Alsalam et. al (1993) 1993 $ (median) F 25-33
in 1990		 -17.1 9.8 9,895 11,929 13,103 Excl: Diploma or GED before
age 20. Those with 2 or more
years of college		 table 34-1
High School and Beyond) 1991 $ F 27 approx. -28.7 58.5 7,768 10,902 17,277 All 1980 Sophomores tabulation
Smith et. al (1995) 1992 $ F 16-64 -5.2 15.3 11,145 11,754 13,554 Diploma graduates exclude
those with any college.		 table 31-1
Cave and Bos (1995) 1988-93 $
(2 years)		 F   -27.1**   5,994 8,220     table 5,
panel 2
Sum (1996) 1992 $ (median) Ad 16-65 -30.7 11.7 10,440 15,070 16,840 Excl: Not employed table 5,
panel 2
Controlled Comparisons
Sum (1996) log annual M 16-64 -13.2 14.7 -0.279 -0.147 cc Same as above appendix
7B p. 255
Cave and Bos (1995) 198-93 $
(2 years)		 M   -28.9 ns   12,955 18,221     table 6,
panel 2
Sum (1996) log annual F 16-64 -21.1 5.9 -0.270 -0.059 cc Same as above appendix
7B p. 255
Cave and Bos (1995) 1988-93 $
(2 years)		 F   -54.0 ns   5,113 11,117     table 6,
panel 2
Sum (1996) log annual Ad 16-64 -15.2 10.0 -0.252 -0.100 cc Control: Prose proficiency,
educational attainment,
race/ethnicity, marital status
disability, enrollment status,
region or residence.
Excl: Not employed		 appendix 7B p. 256
Cave and Bos (1995) '88-93 $
(2 years)		 Ad   -34.0 ns   8,985 13,605     table 6,
panel 2
NOTE: Simple comparisons are ones that make no adjustments for differences between the groups in characteristics that could influence labor market outcomes. The controlled comparisons make statistical (regression) adjustments for variables such as race, parent's education, and so forth. In many cases the population has been restricted to, for example, persons who did not complete any postsecondary education. There restriction in effect controls for the effect of any postsecondary education on earnings. The restriction also eliminates any indirect effect of high school completion status on earnings through postsecondary education.

*The difference between percents or proportions is expressed as percentage points. Other differences are expressed as percentages.

Control Variables

1 A measure of functional literacy, level of parent's education, literacy material available in the home, years in occupation, age, and squared age. Reder's coding of the contrasts do not fit the format of this table.

2 Prose literacy, gender, race/ethnicity indicators, enrollment status, region of residence, marital status, whether born abroad, whether having lived in U.S. more or less than 5 years, disability status.

3 Enrolled in school in 1985. Gender, race, ever married, ever attended college, and region of residence.

4 Those with up to two years of college. Race/ethnicity, weeks worked, unemployment rate.

5 Race/ethnicity, work experience, job tenure, unemployment rate, postsecondary education, AFQT.A140+A94

6 Year, college, race/ethnicity, unemployment rate, spouse's income, number and age of children.

7 Race/ethnicity, urbanicity, region, health, local unemployment rate, work experience, job tenure, ASVAB, age, age squared, residence with parents, marital status, number and age of children, household nonlabor nontransfer income, spouse's earnings

8 Race, region, 2-years of higher education completed interacted with high school completion status, and 4 years of education completed.

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[Appendix B: Table B-6 (part 3 of 4)] [Table of Contents] [Appendix B: Table 7]