A r c h i v e d  I n f o r m a t i o n

Building Knowledge for a Nation of Learners: A Framework for Education Research - 1997

Endnotes

Prologue Endnotes

  1. Hannah Arendt, "The Crisis in Education," Partisan Review (Fall 1958): 494-95.

  2. Lawrence A. Cremin, Popular Education and Its Discontents (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).

  3. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Building on What We've Learned: Developing Priorities for Education Research (Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, May 24, 1996), V-Vii.

  4. Title IX of Goals 2000: Educate America Act, Public Law 103-227, Sec. 912 (f) (March 31, 1994).

  5. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty, NCES 96-184, by Laura Lippman, Shelley Burns, and Edith McArthur (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).

Chapter 1 Endnotes

  1. James Fallows, More Like Us (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989).

  2. Staff of Fortune Magazine, "An American Vision for the 1990s," Fortune 121,7 (1990) 14-16.

  3. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 395.

  4. J. Johnson and J. Immerwahr, First Things First: What Americans Expect From Public Schools (New York: Public Agenda Foundation, 1994), 20.

  5. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 4849, 142-143; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education, 1994 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), Indicator 46; National Center for Children in Poverty, Five Million Children: A Statistical Profile of our Poorest Young Citizens (New York: Columbia University, 1990); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050, Current Population Reports, P25-1130 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 1996) 11-17; Aaron M. Pallas, Gary Natriello and Edward L. McDill, "The Changing Nature of the Disadvantaged Population: Current Dimensions and Future Trends, " Educational Researcher 18, 5 (1989): 16-22.

  6. William A. Galston, "Causes of Declining Well-being Among U.S. Children," Aspen Quarterly (Winter 1993): 52-77.

  7. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Report in Brief: NAEP 1994 Trends in Academic Progress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 4-5.

  8. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Report in Brief: NAEP 1994 Trends in Academic Progress, 17-18.

  9. K.S. Louis, R.A. Dentler, and D.G. Kell, Putting Knowledge to Work: Issues in Educational Dissemination (Boston: Abt Associates, Inc., and the Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts, 1984).

  10. J.T. Bauman, "Conflict or Compatibility in Classroom Inquiry? One Teacher's Struggle to Balance Teaching and Research, " Educational Researcher 25,7 (1996) 29-36.

Chapter 2 Endnotes

  1. Laura E. Berk, Child Development, 3rd edition (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994); David Elkind, A Sympathetic Understanding of the Child, Birth to Sixteen, 3rd edition (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994).

  2. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades, Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America's Children (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1996) 133.

  3. W. Steven Barnett, "Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes," in Richard E. Behrman, ed., The Future of Children: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs, Vol.5, No.3 (1995) 25-50; and Doris R. Entwisle, "The Role of Schools in Sustaining Early Childhood Program Benefits," in the same volume, 133-160.

  4. L.J. Schweinhart, H.V. Barnes, and D.P. Weikart, with W.S. Barnett and A.S. Epstein, Significant Benefits: the High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 27 (Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press, 1993).

  5. Harry T. Chugani, "Neuroimaging of Developmental Non-linearity and Developmental Pathologies." Paper presented at the Families and Work Institute Conference on Brain Development in Young Children: New Frontiers for Research, Policy, and Practice (June 13 and 14, 1996, Chicago, IL). Forthcoming in R.W. Thatcher, G.R Lyon, J. Rumsey, and N. Krasnegor, eds., Developmental Neuroimaging: Mapping the Development of Brain and Behavior.

  6. S.L. Kagan and N.E. Cohen, Solving the Quality Problem: A Vision for America's Early Care and Education System. A Final Report of the Quality 2000 Initiative (New Haven: Yale University, 1997).

  7. Kagan and Cohen (1997).

  8. Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes Study Team, Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers, Executive Summary (Denver: University of Colorado, 1995).

  9. E. Galinsky, et al., The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care (New York: The Families and Work Institute, 1994).

  10. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Seventeenth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (Washington, D.C.: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 1995) Table 1.4.

  11. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (1995) Table AA1.

  12. Jeanette A. McCollum and Susan P. Maude, "Portrait of a Changing Field: Policy and Practice in Early Childhood Special Education," in Bernard Spodek, ed., Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children (New York: Macmillan, 1993) 352-371.

  13. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades (1996) 10; D.N. Lloyd, "Prediction of School Failure from Third Grade Data," Educational and Psychological Measurement 38 (1978); K.L. Alexander and D.R Entwisle, Achievement in the First 2 Years of School: Patterns and Processes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

  14. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

  15. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Projections of Education Statistics to 2006, NCES 96-661 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996); U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1996 (forthcoming).

  16. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Projections of Education Statistics to 2006, 76.

  17. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U.S. Eighth-Grade Mathematics and Science Teaching, Learning, Curriculum, and Achievement in International Context, NCES 97-198 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 21.

  18. Lauren B. Resnick, Education and Learning to Think (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987).

  19. F. Mosteller, "The Tennessee Study of Class Size in the Early School Grades," The Future of Children: Critical Issues for Children and Youths, Vol.5, No.2 (Los Altos, CA: Center for the Future of Children, 1995) 113-127.

  20. Valerie E. Lee and Julia B. Smith, "High School Restructuring and Student Achievement: A New Study Finds Strong Links," Issues in Restructuring Schools, Issue Report #7 (Madison, WI: Wisconsin Center for Education Research, 1994).

  21. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (1995) A-36, Table AA16.

  22. D.L. Terman et al., "Special Education for Students with Disabilities: Analysis and Recommendations," The Future of Children: Special Education for Students with Disabilities, Vol. 6, No.1 (1996), 4-24.

  23. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades, Years of Promise, 88.

  24. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, What Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, September 1996); Jeannie Oaks, Multiplying Inequalities: The Effects of Race, Social Class, and Tracking on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and Science (Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 1990); Linda Darling-Hammond, "Inequality and Access to Knowledge," in James Banks, ed., Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education (New York: Macmillan, 1995).

  25. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, What Matters Most, 34-40.

  26. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, What Matters Most, 8.

  27. National Education Association, Status of the American Public School Teacher, 1990-91 (Washington, D.C.: NEA, 1992).

  28. Carl A. Grant and Walter G. Secada, "Preparing Teachers for Diversity" in W. Robert Houston, ed., Handbook of Research on Teacher Education (New York: MacMillan, 1990) 403-422.

  29. Madeleine R. Grumet, "Lofty Actions and Practical Thoughts: Education with Purpose," Liberal Education 81,1 (1995) 4-11.

  30. Thomas B. Corcoran, "Helping Teachers Teach Well: Transforming Professional Development," CPRE Policy Brief #RB-16 (Brunswick, NJ: Consortium for Policy Research in Education, June 1995).

  31. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, What Matters Most.

  32. New York City Public Schools, "Making Staff Development Pay Off in the Classroom" Research Brief #4 (New York: New York City Public Schools, April 1991); M.J. Fullan, "Staff Development, Innovation, and Instructional Development" in B. Joyce, ed., Changing School Culture Through Staff Development, A Yearbook of the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1990) 3-25; R Elmore and D. Burney, "Staff Development and Instructional Improvement: Community District 2, NYC." Paper prepared for the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future (1996).

  33. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Center for Educational Research and Innovation, Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators (Paris, France: OECD, 1995), 88-90.

  34. J. Johnson and J. Immerwahr, First Things First: What Americans Expect from their Public Schools (New York, New York: Public Agenda Foundation, 1994), 13.

  35. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995, 50-51, Table 38.

  36. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Condition of Education, 1995, NCES 95-273 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), 390-392, Table 53-1; see also U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Disparities in Public School District Spending: 1989-90, NCES 95-300, by T.B. Parish, C.S. Matsumoto, and W.J. Fowler (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1995), Tables A1.1, A1.2, and A2.2.

  37. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades, Years of Promise, 103.

  38. Michael Cole and Silvia Scribner, Culture and Thought: A Psychological Introduction (New York: Wiley, 1974).

  39. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-1994, NCES 96-124 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996) 24, Table 2.3.

  40. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Condition of Education, 1995, 120.

  41. Brenda Donly, Allison Henderson, and William Strang, Summary of State Education Program Survey of States' Limited English Proficient Persons and Available Educational Services, 1993-1994, Special Issues Analysis Center Annual Report: Year Three, Volume m SEA Report Task 7. Prepared under contract by Development Associates, Inc. and Westat, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (Arlington, VA: Development Associates, Inc., September 27, 1995).

  42. Lily Wong-Fillmore, "Second Language Learning in Children: A Proposed Model," in Issues in English Language Development (Arlington, VA: InterAmerica Research Associates, Inc, 1985), 33-44.

  43. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Descriptive Summary Report With an Essay on Access and Choice in Postsecondary Education, Statistical Analysis Report on the National Educational Longitudinal Study 1988-1994, NCES 96-175 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 36.

  44. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Descriptive Summary Report With an Essay on Access and Choice in Postsecondary Education (1996); U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Dropout Rates in the United States: 1994, NCES 96-863, by Marilyn M. McMillen and Phillip Kaufman (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 8, Table 5; James B. Grissom and Lorrie A. Shepard, "Repeating and Dropping Out of School," in L.A. Shepard and M.L. Smith, eds., Flunking Grades: Research and Policy on Retention (Breistol, PA: Falmer Press, 1989).

  45. D.R. Entwisle and L.A. Hayduk, Early Schooling: Cognitive and Affective Outcomes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 17.

  46. E. E. Werner and R. S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High-Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992); Beyond Rhetoric: A New American Agenda for Children and Families. Final Report of the National Commission on Children (Washington, D.C.: The Commission, 1991).

  47. Oliver C. Moles, "Collaboration Between Schools and Disadvantaged Parents: Obstacles and Openings" in Nancy. F. Chavkin, ed., Families and Schools in a Pluralistic Society (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993), 21-49; Nancy F. Chavkin, "Debunking the Myth About Minority Parents," Education Horizons (Summer 1989): 119-123.

  48. D. Hedin, School Age Child Care and Use of Out of School Time by Children and Early Adolescents. Report for Pillsbury Company (1986).

  49. U.S. Department of Education, National Study of Before and After School Programs, Final Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 17, Table II-1.

  50. E. Snyder, "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship Between High School Student Values, Social Participation, and Educational Occupational Achievement," Sociology of Education 42 (1969): 261-270.

  51. Kenneth Shore, The Parents' Public School Handbook (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 291.

  52. P. L. Benson, The Troubled Journey: A Portrait of 6th- and 12th- Grade Youth (Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, 1990); M. Hanks and B.K. Eckland, "Adult Voluntary Associations and Adolescent Socialization," Sociological Quarterly (Summer 1978): 481-490; L.B. Otto, "Extracurricular Activities in the Educational Attainment Process, Rural Sociology 40 (1975): 162-176; K. J. Pittman, A Rationale For Enhancing the Role of the Non-School Voluntary Sector in Youth Development (Washington, D.C.: Academy for Educational Development, February 1991); E.S. Scott and S. B. Damico, "Extracurricular Activities and Interracial Contact," Integrated Education 21 (1984): 140-142.

  53. See, for example, Laurence Steinberg with B. Bradford Brown and Sanford M. Bornbusch, Beyond the Classroom: Why School Reform has Failed and What Parents Need to Do (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

  54. D.F. Siegel, "The Acquisition of Reading Skills Across Development: A Process Model for Achievement," (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco, CA, March 27-31, 1989).

  55. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty, NCES 96-184, by Laura Lippman, Shelley Burns, and Edith McArthur (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).

  56. Carnegie Task Force on Learning in the Primary Grades, Years of Promise (1996).

  57. Joyce Epstein, "School and Family Partnerships" in M. Alkin, ed., Encyclopedia of Educational Research, 6th edition (MacMillan: New York, New York, 1992), 1139-51.

  58. Joy G. Dryfoos, Full-Service Schools: A Revolution in Health and Social Services for Children, Youth, and Families (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994).

  59. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey, by Irwin S. Kirsch, Ann Jungeblut, Lynn Jenkins, and Andrew Kolstad (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 17.

  60. Page Smith, Killing the Spirit: Higher Education in America (New York: Penguin, 1990); Ernest L. Boyer, College: The Undergraduate Experience in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1987); Henry Rosovsky, The University: An Owner's Manual (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990).

  61. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995, 177, Table 168.

  62. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995, 247, Table 233.

  63. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995, 179-180, Tables 170 and 171, with graduate students and students of unknown age removed from the equation.

  64. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1995, 207-209, Tables 200 and 201.

  65. Jay Jamrog, Director of Research, Human Resource Institute at Eckerd College as cited in Jennifer J. Laabs, "Eyeing Future HR Concerns," Personnel Journal January 1996): 28-37; see also Melody Jones, "Four Trends to Reckon With," Human Resources Focus 73, 7 (1966).

  66. Tom Amirault, Job Qualifying and Skill Improvement Training: 1991 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992).

  67. Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, America's Choice: High Skills or Low Wages! (Rochester, NY: National Center on Education and the Economy, 1990), chapter 5; Joel Dryfuss, "Get Ready for the New Work Force," Fortune (April 23, 1990): 176.

Chapter 3 Endnotes

  1. Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Reinventing Education: Entrepreneurship in Today's Public Schools (New York: NAL-Dutton, 1994).

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