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A r c h i v e d I n f o r m a t i o n

Community Update
Special Edition for Schools

Special Edition August 1997
U.S. Department of Education

Table of Contents

Secretary Riley Invites You to Expand Your Back to School Activities

Education Budget Debate Continues in Congress

Funding for the Basics of Better Education

Answering the Call to Action

Schools Across the Nation Support President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education

1997 America Goes Back to School Events Planned Nationwide

This issue of Community Update is being mailed to all school superintendents and elementary and secondary school principals in anticipation of the 1997-98 school year. To receive this monthly newsletter regularly, call 1-800-USA-LEARN.

Secretary Riley Invites You to Expand Your Back to School Activities

Editor's note: The back-to-school period of August through October is an excellent time to expand your partnerships with families, colleges, senior citizens, and business, religious, cultural and make a commitment to year-round involvement in improving children's learning. The America Goes Back to School initiative is an effort to improve the state of American education through greater parent and community involvement. Below are excerpts from an open letter from U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley and the national cochairs of the America Goes Back to School initiative: Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Gore and a lifelong family and child advocate; Michael Keaton, actor; Thomas Kean, president of Drew University and former governor of New Jersey; and Lois Jean White, president of the National PTA.

Dear Educator:

Better education is everybody's business. That's why we invite you to expand your back-to-school activities and join the America Goes Back to School campaign to strengthen our schools. With the support of the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education, we will launch America Goes Back to School in mid-August and continue through October. The goal is to let the students of America know that everyone in the community cares about education and is willing to help improve their schools.

It is well known that when families, educators, and communities work together, schools get better and students get the high-quality education they need to lead productive lives. That's why thousands of family, school, higher education, community, religious, and business organizations have come together, through the Partnership's leadership, to improve our schools and colleges and support family involvement in learning.

But much more needs to be done, and we need your help and leadership to rally families and communities to get involved. By creating after-school homework centers, tutoring third-graders to improve their reading and eighth-graders to learn algebra, or developing work-study opportunities and scholarships for bright, caring young people to enter the teaching profession, superintendents and principals across the nation are creating new partnerships to move their schools and students forward.

America Goes Back to School encourages parents, grandparents, schools, colleges, civic, cultural and religious groups, and employers to come together to make education better in their community. President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education gives us critical areas to address as we prepare for the 21st century. There are plenty of activities in which school, family and community partnerships can participate to make a positive difference. We ask your help to answer the "Call to Action" this fall and throughout the year. Come on, AMERICA . . . let's go BACK TO SCHOOL!

If you are planning a back-to-school activity, please contact us so your event can be included in this nationwide effort. Write to America Goes Back to School, U.S. Department of Education, The Partnership for Family Involvement in Education, 600 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20202-8173. Fax number: (202) 205-9133; e-mail address: agbts@ed.gov. For a free copy of the America Goes Back to School kit or for more information regarding the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education, call 1-800-USA-LEARN.

Education Budget Debate Continues in Congress

President Clinton and U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley are working with the House and Senate to provide substantial new funding for education improvements for FY 1998. Appropriation committees in both houses have requested bills which fully fund Bilingual and Immigrant Education, Head Start, and Education Technology programs. The bills delay funding of the $260 million necessary for the America Reads Challenge until 1999, which would prevent the implementation of an important effort to provide schools and their reading partners with resources to organize and expand after-school and summer tutoring.

The May 1997 Bipartisan Budget Agreement set several targets for increased education funding, but the House and Senate appropriations bills are low on several items, including the education reform account (Goals 2000) and Pell Grants. Many other high priority education programs also are funded below President Clinton's request.

Funding for the Basics of Better Education: Senate and House Bills Compared to President Clinton's 1998 Budget ($ in millions)
Education Program	FY 1997 Appro- priation	President's 1998 Budget	1998 House Com- mittee	1998 Senate Com- mittee
America Reads Challenge	----	260.0	260.0 (in 1999)	260.0 (in 1999)
Goals 2000	491.0	620.0	475.0	530.0
Charter Schools	51.0	100.0	75.0	51.0
Technology Literacy Challenge Fund	200.0	425.0	460.0	425.0
Technology Innovation Challenge Grants	57.0	75.0	75.0	106.0
Eisenhower Professional Development	310.0	360.0	310.0	310.0
Education for the Disadvantaged (Title 1)	7,295.2	7,540.6	7,540.6	7,295.7
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities	556.0	620.0	556.0	556.0
After-School Learning Centers	1.0	50.0	50.0	1.0
Bilingual Education	156.7	199.0	199.0	199.0
Immigrant Education	100.0	150.0	150.0	150.0
Vocational Education	1,139.1	1,172.0	1,144.3	1,139.3
Adult Education	354.6	394.0	349.8	354.6
Pell Grants	5,919.0 ($2,700 max grant)	7,635.0 ($3,000 max grant)	7,438.0 ($3000 max grant)	6,910.3
College Work-Study	830.0	857.0	860.0	830.0

Answering the Call to Action

School officials across the nation have developed partnerships with their school communities to work to achieve President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education in the 21st Century and support the U.S. Department of Education's America Goes Back to School initiative. America Goes Back to School invites you -- as leaders in our nation's schools -- to participate actively in forming partnerships that can address the 10-point plan to prepare our students for the 21st century and ensure that Americans have the best education in the world.

President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education in the 21st Century includes the following priorities:

Read well and independently by the end of third grade. Reading is the most basic academic skill and the cornerstone to academic achievement. There is a national consensus, based on well-established research, that children should read well and independently by the end of third-grade to ensure that they succeed and stay in school. However, learning to read does not happen in the classroom alone; and parents are their children's first teachers.

School officials can encourage parents to read with children 30 minutes a day in the earliest years, learn a new vocabulary word each day and get a library card and use it weekly; and offer parent education courses such as Family Literacy, Parents as Teachers and the Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY) to help parents develop language and preliteracy skills in their young children. School officials can also encourage individuals, including students participating in the AmeriCorps programs, to provide tutoring in reading to students who need extra assistance; and rally the whole community around helping children read by answering the America Reads Challenge by starting or expanding a local Read*Write*Now! program. Many reading publications, including the Read*Write*Now! kits for families and tutors, are available on the Internet and at the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education's Web site at http://pfie.ed.gov/. In addition, copies are available from the U.S. Department of Education by calling 1-800-USA-LEARN.

Master the basic and core subjects to high standards. Quality schooling includes mastering the basics by building a solid foundation in all the core academics: English, math, science, civics, geography, the arts, foreign language, and history. In math and science, we now know what it takes to be competitive both nationally and internationally. Math performance, especially at 8th-grade, is critical because of the "gate keeper" action of the courses: if students master math and science concepts and skills in the middle and junior high school years, they will be ready to take the necessary sequence of courses in high school that will prepare them for college and for careers.

In Chicago, Illinois, the "First in the World Consortium," a group of of educators, parents, community leaders and employers, administered the Third International Math and Science Study (TIMSS) to its students in 20 school districts. They discovered that their scores were among the first in the world in eighth-grade science and among the second in the world in eighth-grade math.

For more information about the proposed national tests to be administered voluntarily in 1999, contact the U.S. Department of Education at 1-800-USA-LEARN or visit http://nces.ed.gov/timss. To obtain more information on the "First in the World Consortium," call (847) 272-6880.

Teacher quality. For the first time, America has national standards of excellence for master teachers who demonstrate exceptional performance. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, an independent, non-partisan group of teaching professionals, has developed standards for highly accomplished teachers. At the same time, quality concerns exist about teachers who teach out of their field, as well as their lack of training or time to acquire new skills for teaching to high standards of excellence. To improve the quality of teaching in schools, officials are encouraged to redesign the professional development for the most experienced teachers; and provide the release time and encourage master teachers to be Nationally Board Certified.

Due to increased enrollment and teacher retirement, the country will need a record two million new teachers over the next 10 years. School districts and universities can work together to create middle and high school programs that expose young people to the teaching profession. For example, the South Carolina Center for Teacher Recruitment has reached thousands of academically talented high schoolers through its "Teacher Cadet" program. "Teacher Cadets" study education and have the opportunity to teach younger students under the tutelage of both school and university faculty. For more information on the South Carolina Center for Teacher Recruitment, call (803) 323-4032. For more information on National Board Certification, contact the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards at 1-800-22-TEACH.

Prepare Academically and Financially for College. Most good jobs in the future will require at least two years of college education. The New American High School initiative has recognized schools throughout the country for high standards of excellence. These schools provide opportunities for every student to learn by doing -- in classrooms, workplaces or through community service -- and prepare students for college and careers. To obtain more information pertaining to the New American High School initiative, call 1-800-USA-LEARN.

Equity 2000, a rigorous program developed by the College Board, ensures that all students in a district take algebra. For more information on Equity 2000, call (212) 713-8000 or visit http://www.collegeboard.org.

Families of middle and high school students need to know about saving for college and financial aid, and students need to be counseled on the availability of such aid so that their efforts in taking rigorous course work can be matched with the opportunity to attend college. The U.S. Department of Education supplies 70 percent of the financial aid to college students in the United States through Pell grants, work-study, and college loans. For the facts about financial aid, call 1-800-4-FED-AID. Information pertaining to President Clinton's new education tax breaks to make college more accessible, as well as the U.S. Department of Education's guide book Preparing Your Child for College, is available by calling 1-800-USA-LEARN.

After-school programs. Extended learning opportunities before and after school are a new priority of the U.S. Department of Education's Partnership for Family Involvement in Education. A "Community Learning Center" housed in the community school can be a safe after-school and summer haven for children, where learning takes place in a building removed from the violence, drugs, and lack of adult supervision that permeate some communities in America.

"Community Learning Center," mentors can provide reading tutoring to younger children, and guide older children through the college gateway courses of math and science -- such as algebra and geometry -- as well as opportunities in the arts and organized recreation.

The publication Keeping Schools Open as Community Learning Centers is available from the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education at the U.S. Department of Education by calling 1-800-USA-LEARN or by visiting our Web site at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/LearnCenters/. Included in the publication are concrete suggestions for estimating typical costs, developing a budget, building consensus and partnership, and designing an effective program.

Schools Across the Nation Support President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education

Editor's Note: Schools across the nation have pledged to work to achieve President Clinton's Call to Action for American Education in the 21st Century. A "Tool Kit" for school officials who are interested in addressing the Call to Action is available by calling 1-800-USA-LEARN.

Alabama * Aliceville Elementary School*Aliceville Middle School*Clay County High School*Coosa Valley Elementary School*Graham School*Hokes Bluff Elementary School* J.D. Smith Elementary School*Oak Mountain Elementary School*Simmons Middle School*Sun Valley Elementary School*Walter Jackson Elementary School* Alabama *Austin High School*Council for School Administration & Supervision*J.W. Powell Elementary School* Arkansas *Vandergriff Elementary School* Arizona *Central Office* California *Association of California School Administrators*Carlsbad USD*Hoover High School*McGaugh Elementary School* Morning Creek Elementary School*Soldatdore Middle School* Colorado *Colorado Association of Elementary School Principals* Connecticut *Daniels Farm Elementary School*East Granby Middle School*Norwalk High School* Delaware *Major George Welch Elementary School* Hawaii *Kaimuki Community School for Adults*St. Louis School* Iowa *Jefferson Scranton High School*Muscatine Community Schools* Idaho *Central Canyon Elementary School* Illinois *Sky View School* Indiana *Southwest Elementary School* Kansas *Hickok Elementary School* Kentucky *Belfy High School*Grassy Elementary School*Goldsmith Elementary School* Louisiana *Berendo Middle School*Boudreaux Elementary School* Central Park Elementary School*Crescent Elementary School*Dolby Elementary School*Dozier Elementary School*Franklinton Elementary School*Lee Street Elementary School*Louisiana Association of Principals*Northeast Elementary School*St. John Elementary School*Woodvale Elementary School* Massachusetts *Coombs Elementary School*Deerfield Elementary School*Douglas Elementary School*J. Warren Killam Elementary School*J. Norcross Stratton School*Massachusetts Elementary School*Massachusetts Elementary School Principals' Association, Inc*Mattahunt Elementary School*Wolf Swamp Road School* Maryland *Featherbed Lane Elementary School*Greenwood Elementary School*Maryland Association of Elementary School Principals, Inc*North Forestdale Elementary School*Owen Brown Middle School*Parville High School*Patapsco Middle School*Poolesville Middle High School*Running Brook Elementary School*River Hill High School* Maine *Aroostook Avenue School*Bonny Eagle High School*King Middle School*Maine Principals' Association*Oak Hill High School*Robert Elementary School*Sherwood Heights Elementary School*Souat Elementary School*Wareham High School*Weatherbee School* Michigan *C.F. Kettering School*Cornell Elementary School*Davis Junior High School*Ella Fitzgerald Elementary School*Grant Elementary School*James B. Webber School*Lincoln Park Elementary School*Mendon Elementary*Michigan Elementary & Middle School Principals' Association*Nankon Hills Elementary School*Ovid-Elsie High School*Redner School*Schavey Road Elementary School*Sutton Elementary School*Washington Elementary School*Waukesha North High School*Yake Elementary School* Minnesota *Holland Elementary School*King Elementary School*Little Mountain Elementary School*Minnesota Elementary School*New Hope Elementary School*North View Junior High*Oak Hill Community School*Sleepy Eye Elementary School*St. Clair Middle School*Willmar High School* Missouri *Bowling Green Elementary School*Columbia School*Francis Howell High School*Hickok Elementary School*Hollowbeck Middle School*Jury Elementary School*Lawson Middle School*Lewis and Clark Elementary School*Linden West Elementary School*Missouri Association of Elementary School Principals*Monett High School*New Haven Elementary School*Ozark South Elementary School*Pattonsburg Elementary School*Riverview Gardens Elementary School* Schuyler R1 Elementary/Middle School*West Junior High*Westport High School*Westridge Elementary School* Mississippi *Aberdeen High School*Alexander Junior High School*Goodman-Pickens Elementary School*Carver Elementary School*Crestwood Elementary School*Cypress Park Elementary School*Mississippi Association of Elementary School Administrators, Inc*Nailor Elementary School*North Hill Elementary School*Parkview Elementary School*Raines Elementary School*Richton Elementary School*Robert E. Lee Elementary School*Sharon Elementary School*Sumrall Elementary School*West Hills Elementary School* Montana *Charles M. Russell High School*Daly Elementary School*Garfield Elementary School*Hellgate Elementary School*Monforton Elementary School*Montana Association of Elementary and Middle School Principals*Sunnyside Elementary* North Carolina *Brooks Global Elementary School*East Wake Middle School*Lower Creek Elementary School*Meadowbrook Elementary School*N.B. Broughton High School*Northern Nash Senior High School*Smyrna Elementary School*Tarheel Association of Principals*Williamsburg Elementary School* North Dakota*Association of Elementary School Principals*Center Elementary School*Lincoln Elementary School*Thomas Jefferson Elementary*Viking Elementary School* Nebraska *Ainsworth Community High School*Bennington Elementary School*Grand Island Senior High School*Jefferson Elementary School*Masters Elementary School*Millard West School*Morton Elementary School*Nebraska Association of Elementary School Principals*North Ward Elementary School*Swanson Elementary School*Wayne State*Wayne Middle Elementary School* New Hampshire *Dover High School*Gilford Elementary School*Londonderry High School* New Hampshire *Association of School Principals*Plymouth Elementary School*Stratham Memorial School* New Jersey *Allentown High School*Baker Elementary School*Menlo Park School*Mill Road Middle Elementary School*New Jersey Principals & Supervisors Association*Pomona Elementary*Spotswood High School*Summerfield Elementary School* New Mexico *Anthony Elementary School*Chaparral Elementary School*La Mesa Elementary School*LaLuz Elementary School*Naaba Ani Elementary School*New Mexico Association of Elementary School Principals*Rio Grande Elementary School*Riverside Elementary School* Nevada *Advanced Technology Academy*Helene Jydstrup Elementary School*Lomie Heard School*Nevada Association of Elementary School Principals*Northside Elementary School*Rancho High School* New York *Abelard Reynolds Elementary School #42*Alfred Smith High School*Byron-Bergen Elementary School*Carver Crawford Elementary School*Elementary School #6*Gowana Junior High School*Hendrik Hudson Elementary School #28*John L. Edwards Elementary School Mill Middle School*Public Elementary School 399*Riley Avenue Elementary School*School Administrators Association*Seth Low Intermediate School*Spencerport High School*Thomas Jefferson Elementary School* Ohio *Association of Elementary School Administrators*Butternut Elementary School*Centerville School*Fairmont High School*Faurot Elementary School Superior Elementary School*Flinn Middle School*Goldwood Primary Elementary School*Herberle Elementary School*Leggett Elementary School*L'Ouverture Computer Magnet Elementary School*Medill Elementary School*Morton School*Pleasant Hill Elementary School*Springfield City Schools*Whitehead Elementary School* Oklahoma *Andrew Johnson Elementary School*Arrowhead Elementary School*Clara Reynolds Elementary School*Coolridge Elementary School*Deer Creek Prairie Vale Elementary School*East Elementary School*Edmond Memorial High School*Guy Lee Elementary School*MacArthur Junior High School*Noble High School*Oklahoma Association of Elementary School Principals*Plato Elementary School*Zablocki Elementary School* Oregon *Ardenwald Elementary School*Cascade Middle School*Charleston Elementary School*Douglas Gardens Elementary School*Lone Pine Elementary School*Mill Park Elementary School*Oregon Elementary School Principals Association*Rainier Middle School* Pennsylvania *Borland Mann Elementary School*Buehrle Alternative School*Central Dauphin High School*Deer Creek Prairie Vale Elementary School*Dresel Hill Middle School*East York Elementary School*East Junior High School*Fairfield Elementary School*Hillview Intermediate School*Linglestown Elementary School*Manor Elementary School*McDowell High School*Mill Road Elementary School*Penn Treaty Middle School*Pennsylvania Association of Elementary School Principals*Pine Forge Elementary School*Ramsey Elementary School*Swatara Junior High School*Thomas Jefferson School* Rhode Island *Cumberland High School*Edgewood Highlands School*Ferri Middle School*Rhode Island Association of School Principals*Stadium Schools*Washington Oak Elementary School*Western Coventry Elementary School* South Carolina *A.C. Corcoran Elementary School*Bethel Elementary School*Broad River Elementary School*D.R. Hill Middle School*Forest Circle Middle School*Gilbert Elementary School*Mack Elementary School*South Carolina Association of Elementary School Principals*Taylors Elementary School* Tennessee *Bearden High School*Ellendale Elementary School*Farragut Intermediate School*Foothills Elementary School*Kirby High School*Mt. View Elementary School*Powell High School*South Doyle High School*Tennessee Association of Elementary School Principals*Whiteville Elementary School* Texas *Bailey Intermediate Elementary School*Bellaire Elementary School*Beneke Elementary School*Carlisle Elementary School*Castlettills Elementary School*Columbus Elementary School*Curlington Elementary School*Dorsey Elementary School*Edison High School*El Jardin Elementary School*Escontrias School*Fairview Elementary School*Fowler Elementary School*Franklin Elementary School*Fredericksburg Elementary School*Ft. Sam Houston Elementary School*Grapevine Elementary School*Harlem Elementary School*Henderson Elementary School*Irwin County Elementary School*J.D. Davis Elementary School*Katy Elementary School*Northwood Elementary School*Oak Forest Elementary School*Putnam Elementary School*Ramey Elementary School*Robert E. Lee Senior High School*Ross Elementary School*Ruby Sue Clifton Middle School*Socorro High School*Spring Garden Elementary School*Spring Forest Middle School*Sugar Loaf Elementary School*Texas High School*Texas Elementary Principals and Supervisors Association*Weaver Elementary School*Wesley Elementary School*Wilshire Elementary School* Utah *Dixon Middle School*Monte Vista Elementary*Mound Fort Middle School*Scera Park Elementary School*Uintah Elementary School*Utah Association of Elementary School Principals*Welby Elementary School*Woodstock Elementary School* Vermont *Camels Hump Middle School*Lyndon Institute*Randolph Union High School*Summit Street School*Thomas Fleming School*Union Memorial Elementary School*Vermont Principals' Association, Inc* Virginia *Apple Pie Ridge Elementary School*Center for Science & Technology*ENCORE Computer Services, Inc*Landstown Middle School*Princess Ann High School*Throughgood Elementary School*Virginia Beach Middle School*Virginia Association of Elementary School Principals*Walnut Hill Center*Woodbridge Senior High School* Washington *Arlington Elementary School*Birney Elementary School*Cascade Middle School*Elementary School Principals' Association*John Tyler Elementary School*Krona-Benton High School*Lakeland Elementary School*Lakeridge Elementary School*Mead Junior High School*Monroe Middle School*River Terrace Elementary School*Snohomish Freshman Campus*Stanton Elementary School*Sunnyslope Elementary School*Washington Elementary School*Washington High School*Washington Oak Elementary School* West Virginia *Bellington Elementary School*East Bank High School*Holden Elementary School*Logan High School*Miller Elementary School*New Creek Elementary School*Spanishburg Elementary/Middle School*Valley View Elementary School* Wellsburg Primary Elementary School*West Virginia Association of Elementary & Middle School Principals* Wisconsin *38th Street Elementary School*Arcadia High School*Arcadia High School*Central High School*Clear Lake Elementary School*E.P. Rock Elementary School*East Troy Elementary School*Eastside Elementary School*Haywood Middle School*Lincoln/Hyland Prairie School*Logan Middle School*Marinette Middle School*Red Apple School Elementary*Waukesha North High School*Willow River Elementary School*Zablocki Elementary School* Wyoming *Association of Elementary School Principals*Bain Elementary School*Guernsey-Sunrise Elementary School*Hebard Elementary School*Hillcrest Elementary School*Tolt Middle School*Wagonwheel Elementary School*

1997 America Goes Back to School Events Planned Nationwide

The Family Education Network, sponsored by the Educational Publishing Group, is an education-based online service with information and activities for parents and children. In September 1997, the network will launch 16,000 new local school family involvement Web sites.
On September 20, 1997, Urban League chapters around the country will hold events around the theme of "Doing the Right Thing," to celebrate the academic achievements and volunteer efforts of 10 to 17-year-olds.
1997 Kentucky State Teacher of the Year, Rosalind K. Hurley Richards, will sponsor an on-air telethon on September 8, 1997, where people can call in to donate time in the classroom instead of money.
Bishop Donald Ming, Sixth Episcopal District (Georgia), African Methodist Episcopal Church, will travel through five cities in Georgia holding events for thousands of parents and children, including parental workshops, parades, and tours of community centers.
CNN Newsroom & WorldView, CNN's educational programming shown at 4:30 every morning, will go "on the road" to Washington, D.C., Miami, Florida; Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles, California, during the week of September 8-12. In each city, the program's producers will tape live coverage of conversations with students and teachers and hold a town hall meeting at a school.
Jennifer Blitz of the Chicago Academy of Sciences has created a "Chicago Goes Back to School" steering committee for the second year in a row. The committee, made up of local community and business members, plans monthly events throughout the entire school year to help increase family and community involvement in education.
The Interlochen Center for the Arts will invite parents from the Travers City, Michigan area to commit at least four hours of volunteer time in the classroom. Parents and children will also plant flower bulbs to be revisited in the spring, with each growing flower representing a growing child.
The Flint, Michigan, district superintendent will host the third annual back-to-school rally on September 6. Families and students from each public school will be invited to attend the parade, rally, and cultural activities. Last year more than 10,000 people attended this event.
The student body president at Oregon State University has organized a statewide education conference on September 16 to highlight the issues of reading, math, and access to college. At the end of the day, the campus and three other sites across the state will serve as downlink sites for the U.S. Department of Education's Satellite Town Meeting.
The Partnership for Family Involvement in Education is planning a special teleconference "Partners for Learning: Preparing Teachers to Involve Families" to air nationwide. Vice President Gore and U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley are scheduled to take part in this event which is planned for early fall.

Community Update is published by the Office of Intergovernmental and Interagency Affairs
Assistant Secretary Senior Director Editor Designer Contributing Writers	MARIO MORENO JOHN McGRATH JULIE ANDERSON BARBARA JULIUS JENNIFER BALLEN

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Last Updated -- August 20, 1997, (pjk)